Aide mémoire d'Arthur pour l'utilisation de Python
De Wikip
Auteurs :
Arthur TOROSSIAN
Résumé :
Cette page contient une information concise sur le langage python.
1 Précédence des opérateurs
2 Système et codage das chaînes de caractères
Parfois le codage avec le système a des problèmes :
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
print(sys.stdout.encoding)
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
print( "OS encoding : ", locale.getpreferredencoding())
Pour python3 :
def printRaw( *text ):
myout = open(1, "w", encoding = "UTF-8", closefd = False)
print(*text, file=myout)
myout.flush()
myout.close()
3 Programme
3.1 Versionnement
3.1.1 Application
################################################################################
# release.V1.V2.V3.V4
# release x(n), rpa, ra, rb, rc(n), rl :
# x(n) : x1 x2 , x3 ... x400 ... (in development)
# rpa : Release Pre-Alpha for unit or intergation tests
# ra : release alpha final tests in development team "recette usine"
# rb : release beta test in client test team "recettes métier"
# rc(n): release candidate 1, 2, 3, ... test in client test team
# rl : release live "live release" or gd (gold) or pr (prod)
#
# V1 : architecture modification
# V2 : function modifications
# V3 : implementation of functions
# V4 : bug corrections
VERSION = "x1-0.0.0.0"
################################################################################
APP_PATH, APP_NAME = os.path.split(__file__)
3.1.2 Library
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
################################################################################
# API identification file with list of interface published and accessible items.
################################################################################
# module identification file with api sub module.
#
# [release-]current.revision.age
#
# [release-]apiVersion.revisionOfThisVersion.ageOfThisApi
#
# exemple : 3.1.2
# if you use API 1.x.x you can use it : 3-2=1
# current :
# interface, API version
# revision:
# implementation of API version
# age :
# ascendant compatibility between API
# versions compatible width API : current, current-1, ...(current - age)
#
# release x(n), rpa, ra, rb, rc(n), rl :
# x(n) : x1 x2 , x3 ... x400 ... (in development)
# rpa : Release Pre-Alpha for unit or intergation tests
# ra : release alpha final tests in development team "recette usine"
# rb : release beta test in client test team "recettes métier"
# rc(n): release candidate 1, 2, 3, ... test in client test team
# rl : release live "live release" or gd (gold) or pr (prod)
VERSION = "x1-0.0.0"
ABSTRACT_MSG="call of abstract method"
3.2 En-tête
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
3.3 main
if __name__ == '__main__' :
pass
3.4 minmal
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re
if __name__ == '__main__' :
pass
3.5 Exception, raise, try
Lire d'abord La bonne façon de gérer les exceptions
3.5.1 solution élégante pour tracer et informer
Exemple d'utilisation
def debugInfo( pm ):
global debugIndex
traceback.format_stack()
# frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(
# inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]
debugIndex += 1
print("")
print("id(pm)", id(pm) )
print("debugIndex",debugIndex)
for ll in traceback.format_stack()[:-1] :
print( " "+ll )
print(pm)
print("%s" %(pm.onGetInfo))
print("%s %s" %(pm.pressureDropMaxTime, pm.pressureDropMax ))
print("Enter");input()
import traceback
import sys
from testLib import exceptionProcess
def myFunction2( a ):
myFunction( a )
class MyClass :
def __init__(self,a):
self.a = a
def do(self):
try :
a = self.a / 0
except Exception as err :
errMsg = exceptionProcess(err, sys.exc_info(),
traceback.format_stack() )
print(errMsg)
exit(1)
def myFunction( a ):
cl = MyClass(a)
cl.do()
print("End of myFunction")
if __name__ == '__main__' :
pass
myFunction2( 3 )
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import inspect
import traceback
################################################################################
def exceptionProcess(err, exeInfo, lastStack ):
"""
import sys
import traceback
import inspect
use :
errMsg = exceptionProcess(err, sys.exc_info(), traceback.format_stack() )
"""
frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(
inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]
last = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_tb(exeInfo[2]))[0]
history = lastStack
txt = ""
for x in history[:-1] :
txt += x
txt += last
txt += "catched p:%s\nline:%s func:%s\n" % (filename, num, func)
txt += "ERROR " + str(err)
return txt
################################################################################
3.5.2 Obtenir nom de fichier, numéro de ligne et nom de fonction
3.5.2.1 Cas simple mais non utile
import inspect
raisehead = "Error in %s:%s:%s\n" %inspect.getframeinfo(inspect.currentframe())[:3]
raise xmlBaseError("%sNo valid cardinality=%s for node named grammar in grammar" %(raisehead,node_nb))
3.5.2.2 Obtenir nom de fichier, numéro de ligne et nom de fonction de l'appelant
class xmlBaseError( Exception ) :
def __init__(self, value):
frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]
path, name = os.path.split(filename)
head="%s:%s:%s\n " % ( name, num, func)
self.value = head+value
def __str__(self):
return self.value
3.5.3 Un exemple simple pour tout exceptions en affichant la trace
#!/usr/bin/env python
try :
raise ...
except SomeException as err:
errtrbk = traceback.format_exc()
print "ERROR:\n%s\%s" %(str(err),errtrbk))
print u"MyException raised", e.__class__.__name__, e
else :
print u"Unkown exeption :"
3.5.4 Un exemple avec importation
exception_test.py :
class MyException( Exception ) :
pass
fonctions.py :
from exception_test import MyException
def f() :
raise MyException(u"test")
raise.py :
#!/usr/bin/env python
from exception_test import MyException
from fonctions import f
try :
f()
except MyException,e :
print u"MyException raised", e.__class__.__name__, e
else :
print u"Unkown exeption"
Résultats :
MyException raised MyException test
3.6 Options en ligne de commande
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ISO8859-1 -*-
import os,sys, getopt
################################################################################
# Help
################################################################################
def help() :
print u"""\
Help on %(app)s :
-------------------
%(app)s -x -x AAA --XXXX --XXXX AAAA
-h :
print this help
""" % ({"app":__file__})
################################################################################
# Main
################################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__' :
short = u"xh"
long = []
opts,args=getopt.getopt( sys.argv[1:],short, long)
options = list()
for opt,val in opts:
options.append( opt )
for opt,val in opts:
#if opt==u'-x' :
# ...
#if opt==u'--XXXXXX' :
# ...
pass
if (len(args)==0) and (len(opts)==0) :
options.append( u"-h" )
if u'-h' in options :
help()
else :
# lauch requests ...
pass
googWay
3.7 Options en ligne de commande : getopt, help, CParams
generated by gen_main_options.py :
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************
"""\
TODO
"""
import os
import sys
import getopt
#import string
#import re
#import time
#import shutil
################################################################################
# Version
################################################################################
APP_PATH, APP_NAME = os.path.split(__file__)
VERSION = u"0.1.0"
################################################################################
# Exceptions
################################################################################
class CAppException(Exception):
"""\
the exception class of the module
"""
pass
################################################################################
# The process
################################################################################
def do_someThing(params):
"""\
the main process
"""
print params.longParamVal
raise CAppException("not good for us")
################################################################################
# params
################################################################################
class CParam(object):
"""\
parameters of the process
"""
def __init__(self):
"""\
initialize all default values of parameters
"""
self.errorMsg = ""
self.shortParamBool = None
self.shortParamVal = None
self.longParamBool = None
self.longParamVal = None
def write_errorOnStdOutput(self):
"""\
print the parameter errors
"""
for ms in self.errorMsg.split('\n'):
if ms.strip() != "":
print "ERROR: %s" % ms
exit(1)
def checkParam(self):
"""\
check parameters
"""
ok = True
self.errorMsg = ""
if self.shortParamBool != None:
ok = True
self.errorMsg += " ... \n"
if self.shortParamVal != None:
ok = True
self.errorMsg += " ... \n"
if self.longParamBool != None:
ok = True
self.errorMsg += " ... \n"
if self.longParamVal != None:
ok = True
self.errorMsg += " ... \n"
if not ok:
self.write_errorOnStdOutput()
return ok
################################################################################
# Help
################################################################################
def write_helpOnStdOutput():
u"""\
print the help of the application
"""
print u"""
Help on %(app)s:
-------------------
* %(app)s version %(version)s
%(app)s -h
* Options:
-h:
Print this help.
-b
...
-v <val>
...
--longBool
...
--longVal <val>
...""" % ({u"app": APP_NAME, u"version": VERSION})
################################################################################
# Main
################################################################################
def executeMainProcess():
"""\
execute main process
"""
try:
appParam = CParam()
shortOption = u"hsv:"
longOption = [u"longBool", u"longVal="]
dohelp = False
opts = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], shortOption, longOption)[0]
for opt, val in opts:
if opt == u'-h':
dohelp = True
write_helpOnStdOutput()
if opt == u'-s':
appParam.shortParamBool = True
if opt == u'-v':
appParam.shortParamVal = val
if opt == u'--longBool':
appParam.longParamBool = True
if opt == u'--longVal':
appParam.longParamVal = val
else:
pass
appOk = appParam.checkParam()
if (not dohelp) and appOk:
do_someThing(appParam)
except Exception as ex:
info = sys.exc_info()
raise CAppException("\nERRORS %s" % str(ex)), None, info[2]
if __name__ == u'__main__':
executeMainProcess()
3.8 execute - command - popen
Al1  |
Utiliser plutôt subrocess (os.pepen est obsolète) |
def execute( command ) :
print "cmd : ", command
e = os.popen( command + " 2>&1" , "r" )
out = e.read()
rc = e.close()
if rc == None :
rc= 0
std_out = out
std_err="See Standard out"
return rc, std_out, std_err
En mode pas à pas; interception de la sortie standard en cours
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re
import subprocess
import sys
pat = re.compile("(\d\/\d)")
def do(exe):
sys.stdout.flush()
try:
p = subprocess.Popen(exe, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = \
subprocess.STDOUT, shell = True)
except Exception as err:
print err
sys.stdout.flush()
encore = True
while(encore):
retcode = p.poll() # returns None while subprocess is running
sys.stdout.flush()
line = p.stdout.readline()
val = pat.findall(line)
if len(val) > 0:
print val[0]
sys.stdout.flush()
encore = retcode == None
print "end"
if __name__ == '__main__':
print "start"
do("python cmd.py")
print "end"
le programme cmd.py
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import sys
import time
nb = 10
for x in range(nb):
print "toto %d/%d" % (x, nb)
sys.stdout.flush()
time.sleep(1.0)
3.9 execute - command - subprocess - popen
def executeInShell( shellcmd ) :
process = subprocess.Popen( shellcmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE )
stdoutdata, stderrdata = process.communicate()
return process.returncode, stdoutdata, stderrdata
Exécution en mode synchrone avec capture progressive de
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re
import subprocess
import sys
# patTelemacIteration = re.compile("(\d+\/\d+)")
patTelemacIteration = re.compile("ITERATION +(\d+) +TEMPS")
def executeExternalShellCommand(exe):
sys.stdout.flush()
try:
p = subprocess.Popen(exe, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = \
subprocess.STDOUT, shell = True)
except Exception as err:
print err
sys.stdout.flush()
encore = True
while(encore):
retcode = p.poll() # returns None while subprocess is running
sys.stdout.flush()
line = p.stdout.readline()
print line
val = patTelemacIteration.findall(line)
print val
if len(val) > 0:
print int(val[0])
sys.stdout.flush()
encore = retcode == None
print "end"
if __name__ == '__main__':
print "start"
executeExternalShellCommand("cd ...; python cmd.py")
print "end"
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import sys
import time
nb = 10
for x in range(nb):
print " ITERATION %d TEMPS : 15 MN 0.0000 S ( 900.0000 S) IT\
ERATION 200 TEMPS" % (x)
sys.stdout.flush()
time.sleep(1.0)
3.9.1 Get directly the output
result = subprocess.check_output("gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri", shell=True)
3.10 isLanched
def isLanched( procName ):
import psutil, string
pid = os.getpid()
patText = re.escape(procName)
pat = re.compile( ".*%s.*" % patText )
ok = False
for proc in psutil.process_iter():
if pid != proc.pid :
if pat.match( string.join(proc.cmdline()," ") ) :
ok=True
return ok
3.11 Ajouter des répertoire dans le path python en dynamique
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/me/mypy")
4 La commande print
4.1 Afficher sur la sortie d'erreurs (stderr)
print >> sys.stderr, "Error ..."
en Python 3 :
print(5, "toto", file=sys.stderr)
Sa propre fonction:
def conErrOut(*args):
print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kwargs)
5 Design pattern, POO, Algorithmes
5.1 POO Programmation orientée objet
5.1.1 class attribute - instance attribute
class CObj(object):
classAttr = 0
def __init__(self, name, instance_attr):
self.name = name
self.objAttr = instance_attr
def __str__(self):
return "%s %s %s %s" %(self.name, self.classAttr, self.objAttr, self.__dict__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
obj1 = CObj("A", 1)
obj2 = CObj("B", 2)
print (CObj.classAttr)
print (obj1.classAttr)
print (obj2.classAttr)
print( obj1 )
print( obj2 )
print()
CObj.classAttr += 1
print (CObj.classAttr)
print (obj1.classAttr)
print (obj2.classAttr)
print( obj1 )
print( obj2 )
print()
obj1.classAttr += 1 # ATTENTION PIEGE
print (CObj.classAttr)
print (obj1.classAttr)
print (obj2.classAttr)
print( obj1 )
print( obj2 )
print()
obj2.classAttr += 1 # ATTENTION PIEGE
print (CObj.classAttr)
print (obj1.classAttr)
print (obj2.classAttr)
print( obj1 )
print( obj2 )
print()
CObj.classAttr += 1
print (CObj.classAttr)
print (obj1.classAttr)
print (obj2.classAttr)
print( obj1 )
print( obj2 )
print()
print (CObj.objAttr) # ERROR
0
0
0
A 0 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A'}
B 0 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}
1
1
1
A 1 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A'}
B 1 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}
1
2
1
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 1 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}
1
2
2
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 2 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B', 'classAttr': 2}
2
2
2
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 2 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B', 'classAttr': 2}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "testP.py", line 55, in <module>
print (CObj.objAttr)
AttributeError: type object 'CObj' has no attribute 'objAttr'
5.2 Sérialisation
5.2.1 pickle
################################################################################
import pickle
def objToFile( obj, fileName ):
with open(fileName, 'wb') as handle:
pickle.dump( obj, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def objFormFile( fileName ):
with open(fileName, 'rb') as handle:
obj = pickle.load(handle)
return obj
################################################################################
5.3 POO
5.3.1 CDictList
class CDictList :
def __init__( self, name ) :
self.name = name
self.d = dict()
self.l = list()
def add( self, obj, name ) :
if name in self.d :
raise Exception(
"object named '%s' is already in CDictList named '%s'"
% ( name, self.name ) )
self.d[ name ] = obj
self.l.append( obj )
5.4 Génération de code
5.4.1 Générer une fonction
correctionCoefficient=[ (-5000,-5000), (-4000,-4800), (-1000,-3000), (-50,-1000), (0,0), (400, 5), (500, 10), (1000, 1000),(5000, 5000) ]
def createCorrectionFunction( ) :
fileName="func.py"
txt = "#!/usr/bin/python\n"
txt += "# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-\n"
txt += "def hcorection( val ) :\n"
txt += " nval=val\n"
a=correctionCoefficient[0]
for b in correctionCoefficient[1:] :
txt += " if (val > %d) and (val <=%d) :\n" %( a[0], b[0] )
txt += " nval = ( val- %f )*%f + %f\n" %( a[0], float(b[1]-a[1])/(b[0]-a[0]) ,a[1] )
a=b
txt += " return nval\n"
tofile( fileName, txt )
Ce qui donne la fonction suivante :
Fig. n°1 Exemple
5.5 Design pattern
5.5.1 Singleton
Voici un petit code écrit en python qui explique comment écrire un singleton en langage python. Notez bien que dans la méthode __init__ il faut faire quelques vérifications notamment avec les listes.
class CSingleton( object ):
class_instance = None
def __init__( self, a ):
print "CSingleton init"
self.vitesse = a
if not hasattr( self, "alist") :
self.alist = list()
def __new__( typ, *args, **kwargs ):
print "CSingleton new", typ.class_instance
if typ.class_instance == None :
obj = object.__new__( typ, *args, **kwargs)
typ.class_instance = obj
else :
obj = typ.class_instance
return obj
def addObject(self, obj):
self.alist.append( obj )
if __name__ == '__main__' :
a = CSingleton( 1 )
a.addObject( "Lundi" )
print "a.vitesse=",a.vitesse
print "a.alist=",a.alist
b = CSingleton( 2 )
b.addObject( "Mardi" )
print "b.vitesse=",b.vitesse
print "b.alist=",b.alist
c = CSingleton( 3 )
c.addObject( "Mercredi" )
print "c.vitesse=",c.vitesse
print "c.alist=",c.alist
print "a.vitesse=",a.vitesse
print "a.alist=",a.alist
print "b.vitesse=",b.vitesse
print "b.alist=",b.alist
print "c.vitesse=",c.vitesse
print "c.alist=",c.alist
print "id(a)=",id(a)
print "id(b)=",id(b)
print "id(c)=",id(c)
Ce qui donne :
python singleton.py
CSingleton new None
CSingleton init
a.vitesse= 1
a.alist= ['Lundi']
CSingleton new <__main__.CSingleton object at 0xb7cf8ecc>
CSingleton init
b.vitesse= 2
b.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi']
CSingleton new <__main__.CSingleton object at 0xb7cf8ecc>
CSingleton init
c.vitesse= 3
c.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
a.vitesse= 3
a.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
b.vitesse= 3
b.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
c.vitesse= 3
c.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
id(a)= 3083833036
id(b)= 3083833036
id(c)= 3083833036
5.6 Algorithmes
5.6.1 resgression linéaire en 3 dimensions pour obtenir un plan optimum pour une nuage de points
import numpy as np
################################################################################
nbpts = 10 # nombre de points par axe
a = 5. # paramètres du plan
b = 3.
c = 2.
d = 10.
sigma = 0.1 # écart type
################################################################################
def planXyz(x, y, z, A):
return A[0]*x + A[1]*y + A[2]*z + A[3]
################################################################################
def lienarRegressionXyz(X,Y,Z):
points = np.hstack(
(
X, Y, Z, np.ones_like(X)
)
)
resultat = np.linalg.lstsq(points, T)
aopt, bopt, copt, dopt = resultat[0]
erreur = resultat[1][0]/(nbpts*nbpts)
return aopt, bopt, copt, dopt,erreur
################################################################################
x = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)
y = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)
z = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)
grilleX, grilleY, grilleZ = np.meshgrid(x, y, z)
################################################################################
X = grilleX.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
Y = grilleY.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
Z = grilleZ.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
T = planXyz(X, Y, Z, (a, b, c, d)) + sigma*np.random.randn(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts,
1)
################################################################################
a,b,c,d,e = lienarRegressionXyz(X,Y,Z)
print(
"a=%f b=%f c=%f d=%f χ²=%f" %( a,b,c,d,e ))
5.6.2 Filtre passe bas - exemple
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False) # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5
class lpFilter:
def __init__(self, fc, fe):
self.fc = fc
self.fe = fe
self.τ = 1/fc
self.Te = 1 / fe
self.α = self.τ / (self.τ + self.Te)
def filter(self, sig):
yf_0 = sig[0]
yf_1 = yf_0
yf = list()
for y in sig:
yf_0 = self.α * yf_1 + (1-self.α)* y
yf_1 = yf_0
yf.append(yf_0)
return yf
flp = lpFilter( 15, 1000 )
yf = flp.filter( sig )
plt.plot(t, yf, label='yf')
plt.plot(t, sig, label='sig')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Fig. n°2 Exemple filttre linéaire
Utilisation de ellip :
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False) # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5
sos = signal.ellip(8, 1, 100, 5, 'lowpass', fs=1000, output='sos')
filtered = signal.sosfilt(sos, sig)
plt.plot(t, filtered)
plt.plot(t, sig)
plt.show()
Fig. n°3 ellip exemple
Diagramme des fréquences:
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
b, a = signal.ellip(4, 5, 40, 100, 'low', analog=True)
w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
plt.semilogx(w, 20 * np.log10(abs(h)))
plt.title('Elliptic filter frequency response (rp=5, rs=40)')
plt.xlabel('Frequency [radians / second]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
plt.axvline(100, color='green') # cutoff frequency
plt.axhline(-40, color='green') # rs
plt.axhline(-5, color='green') # rp
plt.show()
Fig. n°4 Diagramme des fréquences - ellip exemple
5.6.3 Filtre passe haut - exemple
Utilisation de ellip :
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False) # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, sharex=True)
ax1.set_title('10 Hz and 20 Hz sinusoids')
ax1.axis([0, 1, -2, 3.5])
ax2.set_title('After 17 Hz high-pass filter')
ax2.axis([0, 1, -2, 2])
ax2.set_xlabel('Time [seconds]')
sos = signal.ellip(8, 1, 100, 17, 'hp', fs=1000, output='sos')
filtered = signal.sosfilt(sos, sig)
ax1.plot(t, sig)
ax2.plot(t, filtered)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
5.6.4 Fonction rapide d'interpolation linéaire - Functor
5.6.5 Adapter Rectangle Dans Zone
def AdapterRectangleDansZone( zone_x,zone_y,zone_l,zone_h, rect_l, rect_h, rlimte ) :
if (zone_h > 0 ) and (rect_h>0) :
r1 = zone_l / zone_h
r2 = rect_l / rect_h
#print r1,r2
if r1 >= r2 :
if rlimte > 0 :
r = zone_h / rect_h
if r > rlimte :
r = rlimte
hh = round( rect_h*r )
ll = round( rect_l*r )
newrect_y = zone_y +( zone_h-hh ) / 2
newrect_h = hh
newrect_x = zone_x + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
newrect_l = ll
else :
hh = zone_h
ll = round( zone_h*r2 )
newrect_y = zone_y
newrect_h = hh
newrect_x = zone_x + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
newrect_l = ll
else :
hh = zone_h
ll = round( zone_h*r2 )
newrect_y = zone_y
newrect_h = hh
newrect_x = zone_x + (zone_l-ll) / 2
newrect_l = ll
else :
if rlimte > 0 :
r = zone_l / rect_l
if r > rlimte :
r = rlimte
hh = round( rect_h*r )
ll = round( rect_l*r )
newrect_y = zone_y +( zone_h-hh ) / 2
newrect_h = hh
newrect_x = zone_x + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
newrect_l = ll
else :
ll = zone_l
hh = round( ll/r2 )
newrect_x = zone_x
newrect_l = ll
newrect_y = zone_y + ( zone_h-hh ) / 2
newrect_h = hh
else :
ll = zone_l
hh = round( ll/r2 )
newrect_x = zone_x
newrect_l = ll
newrect_y = zone_y + ( zone_h-hh ) / 2
newrect_h = hh
else :
newrect_x = zone_x
newrect_l = 0
newrect_y = zone_y
newrect_h = 0
return newrect_x,newrect_y,newrect_l,newrect_h
5.6.6 Fonction de comparaison pour les tri : sort
5.6.6.1 Avec python 2
La comparaison suivante range dans l'ordre des valeurs croissantes:
def myCmp(pntA, pntB):
rc = 0
if pntA < pntB:
rc = -1
elif pntA > pntB:
rc = 1
return rc
vals = [ 1, 5, 6, 0, -15 ]
vals.sort(myCmp)
print vals
ce qui donne :
[-15, 0, 1, 5, 6]
5.6.6.2 Avec Python 3
Le tri se fait dans l'ordre croissant !
Pour les tuples ou listes imbriqués, tri sur l'indice n
myList = sorted(myList, key = lambda els: els[n])
sprocketTeethPointList1.sort( key = lambda pnt: pnt.angle)
ou
sprocketTeethPointList1 = sorted(sprocketTeethPointList1,
key = lambda pnt: pnt.angle)
ou
def angledPointKey(key ):
return key.angle
sprocketTeethPointList1 = sorted(sprocketTeethPointList1, key = angledPointKey )
ou
def cmpIntAPy3( aa ):
a = aa.serviceDate
if a == None :
a = aa.prototypeDate
return a
self.intAs = sorted(self.intAs, key = cmpIntAPy3 )
5.6.6.3 Avec Python 3 à la manière de Python 2
def angledPointClass( myCmpFunc ) :
class K :
def __init__(self, obj, *args):
self.obj = obj
def __lt__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) < 0
def __gt__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) > 0
def __eq__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) == 0
def __le__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) <= 0
def __ge__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) >= 0
def __ne__(self, other):
return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) != 0
return K
def angledPointCmp(pntA, pntB):
rc = 0
pntA = pntA.angle
pntB = pntB.angle
if pntA < pntB:
rc = -1
elif pntA > pntB:
rc = 1
return rc
sprocketTeethPointList1.sort( key=angledPointClass(angledPointCmp) )
6 Clavier, Input device
6.1 get_char
voir curses.window.getch() pour une implémentation sous linux.
if os.name=="nt" :
import msvcrt
def get_char() :
if msvcrt.kbhit() :
return msvcrt.getch()
else :
return None
else :
print "Error : No get_char()"
exit(1)
6.2 tell me Yes or No
def tellmeYesNo( msg ):
encore = 1
choices=['y', 'n', 'yes', 'no']
schoices='/'.join( choices )
rep=None
while encore :
rep=raw_input( msg+'(%s): ' % schoices ).lower()
encore = not rep in choices
if encore :
print "Choices are : '%s'" %( schoices )
return rep
7 Interface graphique
7.1 PyQt
7.2 Sous Windows sans console ou terminal
7.2.1 ★★★ Méthode avec visual basic
- créer le fichier Modèle:RunNoTerminal.vbs avec le contenu :
CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").Run "textFileNameTool.bat",0,True
7.2.2 Méthode dans le code avec suppression du terminal
- Run Python script without Windows console appearing [1]
class myQtApp( QtWidgets.QMainWindow ):
def show(self) :
QtWidgets.QMainWindow.show( self )
########################################################################
hwnd = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow()
if hwnd != 0:
ctypes.windll.user32.ShowWindow(hwnd, 0)
ctypes.windll.kernel32.CloseHandle(hwnd)
_, pid = win32process.GetWindowThreadProcessId(hwnd)
os.system('taskkill /PID ' + str(pid) + ' /f')
########################################################################
# ...
def main():
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
myapp = myQtApp()
myapp.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
8 Exception et Erreurs
8.1 La bonne façon de gérer les exception pour un débogage
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re, os, sys
class CMyException( Exception ) :
pass
def raiseCMyException( e, msg ) :
raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
def f1() :
a = int( "1" )
b = int( "1x" )
def f2():
try :
f1()
except Exception as e :
# old raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)), None, info[2]
raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
def f3():
f2()
def f4():
f3()
try :
f4()
except Exception as e :
raise CMyException("\nMyInfo in main\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
Ce qui donne :
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception.py", line 23, in <module>
f4()
File "exception.py", line 21, in f4
f3()
File "exception.py", line 19, in f3
f2()
File "exception.py", line 14, in f2
f1()
File "exception.py", line 11, in f1
b = int( "1x" )
__main__.CMyException:
MyInfo in main
MyInfo
invalid literal for int() with base 10: '1x'
8.2 error_in_function
def error_in_function( msg, niv=1 ):
fonction_name = sys._getframe(niv).f_code.co_name
raise Exception( "Error : %s : %s" %( fonction_name, msg ) )
8.3 param_isnot_set
def param_isnot_set( param, param_name ):
if param == None :
error_in_function( "%s is not set" % param_name, niv=2 )
8.4 param_isnot_file
def param_isnot_file( pathfilename ):
if not os.path.isfile( pathfilename ) :
error_in_function( "'%s' is not a file" % pathfilename, niv=2 )
8.5 param_isnot_dir
def param_isnot_dir( pathdirname ):
if not os.path.isdir( pathdirname ) :
error_in_function( "'%s' is not a dir" % pathdirname, niv=2 )
9 Fichiers et répertoires
9.1 Obtenir le contenu d'un répertoire à la manière de Linux
import glob
for path in glob.glob("/home/C07138/.*")+glob.glob( "/home/C07138/*" ) :
print path
9.2 Liste des répertoires
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ISO8859-1 -*-
import os, sys, re
def tofile( filename, text ) :
f = open(filename, "w")
f.write(text)
f.close()
if __name__ == '__main__' :
fs0 = os.listdir('.')
fs=list()
for x in fs0 :
fs.append(x.lower())
fs.sort()
s=''
for x in fs :
if os.path.isdir( x ) :
s+=x.lower()+" "
tofile( 'dir_list.txt', s )
9.3 Personnaliser "file object"
class myFileObject :
def __init__( self, filename, mode="r" ) :
self.f = open(filename,mode)
def close(self) :
return self.f.close()
def read( self ) :
txt = self.f.read().replace('\n\r','\n').replace('\r\n','\n').replace('\r','\n')
return txt
def write( self, txt ) :
#txt = txt.replace('\n','\r')
return self.f.write( txt )
def omypen( filename, mode="r" ) :
return myFileObject( filename, mode )
9.4 Lire un fichier ligne par ligne
import codecs
ENCODING = "UTF-8"
with codecs.open(param.csvFileName, "r", ENCODING) as csvSrc:
with codecs.open(csvDstName, "w", ENCODING) as csvDst:
lineNumber = 0
for line in csvSrc:
line = line.replace("\n","").replace("\r","")
lineNumber += 1
9.5 tofile fromfile
import codecs
ENCODING = "UTF-8"
def toTextFile(filename, text):
with codecs.open(filename, "w", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
fileDesc.write(text)
def fromTextFile(filename):
text = None
with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
text = fileDesc.read()
return text
def fromTextFileWin(filename):
text = None
try :
with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
text = fileDesc.read()
except Exception as e :
print("Warning %s" % e)
print("try %s" % ENCODING2)
with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING2) as fileDesc:
text = fileDesc.read()
return text
9.6 Lire des fichiers ini
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************
# Author: Arthur TOROSSIAN
# Date: 30.10.2017
#***********************************************************/
import configparser
ABSTRACT_MSG = "call of abstract method"
################################################################################
class CIniFileError(Exception):
"""\
the main exception class of the module
"""
pass
def str2bool(v):
v = v.strip().lower()
if not v in ["true", "false", "vrai", "faux"]:
raise CIniFileError("v='%s' is not a valid boolean" % v)
return (v in ["true", "vrai"])
################################################################################
# CIniParam in order to read ini files
################################################################################
class CIniParam:
############################################################################
def __init__(self):
self.fileName = None
self.config = None
self._currentSection = None
############################################################################
def loadParam(self, fileName):
self.fileName = fileName
self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()
self.config.read(fileName)
self.getParamFromConfig()
def getParamFromConfig(self):
"""\
(API) abstract required API method
Check all options and attributes validity.
"""
raise CIniFileError(ABSTRACT_MSG)
def checkVersion(self, formatSection, v01, v02, v03):
self.setCurrentSection(formatSection)
v1 = self.getInt("v1")
v2 = self.getInt("v2")
v3 = self.getInt("v3")
if v1 != v01 :
errMsg = """
ERROR the file named '%s', in section named '%s', has no the right file format
version. The version must be %d.x.x and the current version is %d.%d.%d
""" % (self.fileName, formatSection, v01, v1, v2, v3)
raise CIniFileError(errMsg)
def hasTheSection(self):
return self.config.has_section(self._currentSection)
def hasOption(self, optionName):
return self.config.has_option(self._currentSection, optionName)
############################################################################
def setCurrentSection(self, currentSection):
self._currentSection = currentSection
if not self.hasTheSection():
errMsg = """
ERROR the file named '%s', has no section named '%s'
""" % (
self.fileName, self._currentSection)
raise CIniFileError(errMsg)
def getFloat(self, varName):
val = self.loadParamFloat(self._currentSection, varName)
return val
def getFloatList(self, varName):
valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
newVal = list()
for sf in valList :
newVal.append(float(sf))
return newVal
def getFloatOrNoneList(self, varName):
valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
newVal = list()
for sf in valList :
if sf == None :
newVal.append(sf)
else:
newVal.append(float(sf))
return newVal
def getStrList(self, varName):
valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
newVal = list()
for sf in valList :
newVal.append(sf)
return newVal
def getInt(self, varName):
val = self.loadParamInt(self._currentSection, varName)
return val
def getBool(self, varName):
val = self.loadParamBool(self._currentSection, varName)
return val
def getStr(self, varName):
val = self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName)
return val
############################################################################
def checkNoParam(self, paramName):
if not self.hasOption(paramName):
errMsg = """
ERROR the file named '%s', in section named '%s', has no parameter named '%s'
""" % (self.fileName, self._currentSection, paramName)
raise CIniFileError(errMsg)
def loadParamFloat(self, sectionName, varName):
self.checkNoParam(varName)
xs = self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0]
x = float(eval(xs))
return x
def loadParamInt(self, sectionName, varName):
self.checkNoParam(varName)
x = int(self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0])
return x
def loadParamBool(self, sectionName, varName):
self.checkNoParam(varName)
dat = self.config.get(sectionName, varName)
x = str2bool(dat.split("#")[0])
return x
def loadParamStr(self, sectionName, varName):
self.checkNoParam(varName)
x = self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0]
return x
class CParams(CIniParam) :
def getParamFromConfig(pm):
pm.setCurrentSection("param")
pm.tMax = pm.getFloat("p1")
9.7 fichiers temporaires, tmp, temp
tmp_file=tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile( delete=False )
tmp_file.close()
print tmp_file.name
print os.path.exists(tmp_file.name)
tgzs=fromfile( tmp_file.name )
s.unlink(tmp_file.name)
print os.path.exists(tmp_file.name)
9.8 Lire et écrire des binaires (endianness; little-endian et big-endian) dans des fichiers
On utilise le module struct avec les méthodes unpack et pack :
def scanDatFile( fileName, fileDestinationName, endianness='<', ee1WaterDeep=5, ee1LandHeight=10 ) :
bs = os.path.getsize( fileName )
fsize = 0
fic = open( fileName , 'rb')
ficDest = open( fileDestinationName , 'wb')
# < little-endian BYTEORDER LSBFIRST
# > big-endian
# h short integer 2 bytes
fmt = "%sh" % endianness
min = 60000
max = -60000
noval=-32768
while fsize < bs :
fsize += 2
tmp = fic.read( struct.calcsize(fmt) )
val, = struct.unpack( fmt , tmp )
valBin = struct.pack( fmt , func.hcorection( val ) )
ficDest.write( valBin )
#print val
if val != noval :
if val < min :
min = val
if val > max :
max = val
print min, max
ee1 = ee1WaterDeep + ee1LandHeight
map = float(max-min+1)
ee2map = map / ee1
ee1WaterDeep = round( min/ee2map )
ee1LandHeight = round( max/ee2map )
print "Water Deep:%s Land height: %s" %( round( min/ee2map ), round( max/ee2map ) )
print "Water Cutoff:%s Land Cutoff: %s" %( round( ee1WaterDeep*ee2map ), round( ee1LandHeight*ee2map ) )
ficDest.close()
fic.close()
9.9 Lire et écrire des fichiers netCDF
- Read and Write netCDF Files
9.10 Copier les dates d'un fichier à un autre
st=os.stat( file1 )
os.utime( file2, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime) )
9.11 trace
def get_datetime_str():
return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S",time.localtime())
trace_file_name="trace.txt"
def trace( msg, init=0 ) :
filename = trace_file_name
if (os.path.exists( filename ) and (init==0) ):
f = open( filename, "a" )
else :
f = open( filename, "w" )
f.write( "%s %s\n" % (get_datetime_str(),msg) )
f.close()
trace( "INIT", init=1 )
9.12 get_NewFileName
def get_NewFileName( name, Index=1 ) :
newname = name
name, ext = os.path.splitext( newname )
while os.path.exists( newname ) :
newname = name + ("%03d" % Index) + ext
Index += 1
return newname, Index
9.13 get_NewDictName
patName = re.compile("^(.*?)(\d*)$")
def normName( name ) :
nname, ni = patName.findall( name )[0]
if ni != "" :
i = int( ni )
newname = nname + ("%03d" % i)
else :
newname = name
return newname
def normDictNames( namedict ) :
newD = dict()
for name, val in namedict.items() :
newname = normName( name )
newD[ newname ] = val
return newD
def get_NewDictName( name, namedict, Index=1 ) :
newname = name
name, i = patName.findall( newname )[0]
while newname in namedict :
newname = name + ("%03d" % Index)
Index += 1
return newname, Index
utilisation possible :
dd0 = {"otto":1,"toto3":2, "toto02":4, "tata":5, "toto" :1 }
print dd0
dd = normDictNames( dd0 )
print dd
name, index = get_NewDictName( "toto", dd )
dd[name] = 30
print name, index, dd
name, index = get_NewDictName( "toto", dd )
dd[name] = 15
print name, index, dd
{'tata': 5, 'toto': 1, 'toto02': 4, 'toto3': 2, 'otto': 1}
{'toto': 1, 'tata': 5, 'toto002': 4, 'toto003': 2, 'otto': 1}
toto001 2 {'toto003': 2, 'tata': 5, 'toto': 1, 'toto002': 4, 'toto001': 30, 'otto': 1}
toto004 5 {'toto003': 2, 'tata': 5, 'toto004': 15, 'toto': 1, 'toto002': 4, 'toto001': 30, 'otto': 1}
9.14 path_split
def path_split( pathnameext ):
path, name = os.path.split( pathnameext )
name , ext = os.path.splitext( name )
return (path, name, ext,)
9.15 change_path_and_suffix
def change_path_and_suffix( pathnameext, newpath, suffix ) :
path, nameext = os.path.split( pathnameext )
name, ext = os.path.splitext( nameext )
return newpath + os.sep + name+suffix+ext
9.16 change_path_and_ext
def change_path_and_ext( pathnameext, newpath, ext ) :
path, nameext = os.path.split( pathnameext )
name, ext0 = os.path.splitext( nameext )
return newpath + os.sep + name+ext
9.17 Get list of files
Simple :
def findFilesInDirectorFromPattern( path, pat ) :
flist = list()
fs = os.listdir(path)
for x in fs :
file_path = path+os.sep+x
if os.path.isfile( file_path ) :
if pat.match( x ) :
flist.append( file_path )
return flist
Évoluée :
def find( flist, path, file_pattern, subdir, file_exclude_pattern=None, dir_exclude_pattern=None ) :
fs = os.listdir(path)
for x in fs :
file_path = path+os.sep+x
if os.path.isfile( file_path ) :
ok=1
if file_exclude_pattern != None :
ok = not file_exclude_pattern.match( x )
if ok and file_pattern.match( x ) :
print x
flist.append( file_path )
if os.path.isdir( file_path ) :
if subdir :
ok = 1
if dir_exclude_pattern != None :
ok= not dir_exclude_pattern.match( x )
if ok :
find( flist, file_path, file_pattern, subdir, file_exclude_pattern, dir_exclude_pattern)
9.18 Générer une fichier html à partir d'une liste de fichiers sur disques gen_list_html
#!/usr/bin/env python
import re
import os
def gen_list_html( path, file_pattern_txt ) :
file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
fs = os.listdir(path)
fs.sort()
print "<html><body><ol>"
for x in fs :
file_path = path+os.sep+x
if os.path.isfile( file_path ) :
if file_pattern.match( x ) :
print "<li><a href='%s'>%s</a></li>" %(x,x)
print "</ol></body></html>"
if __name__ == '__main__' :
gen_list_html( ".", ".*\.avi$" )
9.19 Générer une fichier html à partir d'une liste d'images/photo sur disques
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re, codecs, time, shutil
srcPath = "."
fl = os.listdir(srcPath)
sorted(fl)
f = codecs.open("index.html", "w", encoding = "UTF-8")
f.write("<html style='background-color:#a0a0a0;margin:auto;'>\n")
f.write("""<body
style='width:210mm;margin:auto;padding:5mm;background-color:#ffffff;'>
<style type="text/css">
p.p {
width:180mm;background-color:#ffffff;margin:auto;
}
td.g {
width:30mm; vertical-align:middle;
}
td.d {
width:150mm; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;
}
img{
width:28mm;
}
</style>
<p class="p">
<table align=center>
""")
for img in fl :
name, ext = os.path.splitext(img)
print(name.lower())
if ext.lower() == ".jpg" :
f.write("""\
<tr>
<td class='g'> <img src='%s'> </td>
<td class='d'> TODO </td>
</tr>
""" % img)
f.write("""
</table>
</p>
</body>
""")
f.write("</html>\n")
f.close()
9.20 gen m3u - liste de mp3 - player list
import re
import os
import codecs
encoding = "latin1"
def tofile( filename, text ) :
f = codecs.open(filename, "w", encoding)
f.write(text)
f.close()
def gen_list( path, file_pattern_txt ) :
file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
fs = os.listdir(path)
fs.sort()
m3u=u""
for x in fs :
file_path = path+os.sep+x
if os.path.isfile( file_path ) :
if file_pattern.match( x ) :
m3u += u"%s\r\n" %(x)
tofile( "arno.m3u" , m3u )
if __name__ == '__main__' :
gen_list( u".", u".*\.mp3$" )
9.21 gen m3u8 - liste de mp3 - player list
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re,os, codecs
encoding = "UTF8"
def tofile( filename, text ) :
f = codecs.open(filename, "w", encoding)
f.write(text)
f.close()
def gen_list( path, file_pattern, level=1 ) :
# file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
fs = os.listdir(path)
fs.sort()
m3u=u""
for x in fs :
file_path = path+os.sep+x
if os.path.isfile( file_path ) :
if file_pattern.match( x ) :
m3u += u"%s\r\n" %(file_path)
if os.path.isdir( file_path ) :
m3u += gen_list( file_path, file_pattern, level=level+1 )
if level == 1 :
tofile( "all.m3u8" , m3u )
return m3u
if __name__ == '__main__' :
gen_list( u".", re.compile( u".*\.mp3$") )
9.22 genNewNames
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re, random
def get_NewFileName( name, Index=1 ) :
newname = name
name, ext = os.path.splitext( newname )
while os.path.exists( newname ) :
newname = name + ("%03d" % Index) + ext
Index += 1
return newname, Index
def genNewNames( path ) :
index=1
fs = os.listdir(path)
nb = len(fs)
num = 0
while nb > 0 :
i = random.randint(0, nb-1 )
nname = path+os.sep+fs[i]
del fs[i]
if os.path.isfile( nname ) :
nname0, ext = os.path.splitext(nname)
pname, nname0 = os.path.split(nname)
rname = pname + os.sep+"im%05d%s" % (num,ext)
print " ",nname, rname
rname, index = get_NewFileName( rname, index )
os.rename( nname , rname )
num += 1
nb -= 1
def genNewNamesInSubDirs( path ) :
fs = os.listdir(path)
for ff in fs :
pathff = path+os.sep+ff
print "[%s]" % pathff
if os.path.isdir( pathff ) :
genNewNames( pathff )
if __name__ == u'__main__' :
genNewNamesInSubDirs( "./Images/listes")
genNewNames( "./Images/listeAll" )
9.23 unix2dos
#!/usr/bin/env python
###############
import sys
for fname in sys.argv[1:]:
infile = open( fname, "rb" )
instr = infile.read()
infile.close()
outstr = instr.replace( "\r\n", "\n" ).replace( "\n\r", "\n" ).replace( "\r", "\n" ).replace( "\n", "\r\n" )
if len(outstr) == len(instr):
continue
outfile = open( fname, "wb" )
outfile.write( outstr )
outfile.close()
9.24 clean_rep.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
import os
import re
pat_adir = re.compile( "\d{4}" )
pat_mdir = re.compile( "\d{4}-\d{2}" )
def clean_dirs() :
"""
Delete empty directories with name like AAAA/AAAA-MM or AAAA.
"""
adirs = os.listdir(".")
for adir in adirs :
if pat_adir.match( adir ) :
mdirs = os.listdir(adir)
for mdir in mdirs :
if pat_mdir.match( mdir ) :
files = os.listdir( adir+os.sep+mdir )
if len(files)==0 :
os.rmdir( adir+os.sep+mdir )
mdirs = os.listdir(adir)
if len( mdirs )==0 :
os.rmdir( adir )
if __name__ == '__main__' :
clean_dirs()
9.25 gen_rep.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
import os
def gen_dirs() :
"""
Generate directory with name like AAAA/AAAA-MM if it does not exist.
"""
for an in range(2000,2012) :
dir_a = "%04d" %(an)
if not os.path.exists( dir_a ) :
os.mkdir( dir_a )
for m in range(1,13) :
dir_name = "%s%s%04d-%02d" %(dir_a,os.sep,an,m)
print dir_name
if not os.path.exists( dir_name ) :
os.mkdir( dir_name )
if __name__ == '__main__' :
gen_dirs()
9.26 size_on_system
def size_on_system( sf, sector_size ):
if sector_size != None :
s=0
ns = sf % sector_size
if ns == 0 :
s = sf
else :
s = (sf / sector_size) * sector_size + sector_size
else :
s=sf
return s
9.27 size_of_dir
def size_of_dir( path, sector_size=None ):
fs = os.listdir( path )
s=0
for f in fs :
pf = path+os.sep+f
if os.path.isfile( pf ) :
statinfo = os.stat( pf )
s+= size_on_system( statinfo.st_size, sector_size )
if os.path.isdir( pf ) :
s+=size_of_dir( pf,sector_size )
return s
9.28 sizeOfFile
def sizeOfFile( pathToFile ):
size = None
if os.path.isfile( pathToFile ) :
statinfo = os.stat( pathToFile )
size = statinfo.st_size
return size
9.29 have_subdir
def have_subdir( path ) :
ok = 0
fs = os.listdir( path )
nb = len( fs )
i = 0
while (i < nb) and (ok==0) :
pathx = path + os.sep + fs[ i ]
if os.path.isdir( pathx ) :
ok = 1
i += 1
return ok
10 Compte utilisateur
10.1 get_username
def get_username():
return getpass.getuser()
10.2 get_hostname
def get_hostname():
return socket.gethostbyaddr(socket.gethostname())[0]
10.3 get_homedir
def get_homedir():
homedir = os.path.expanduser('~')
return homedir
11 Réseau, Internet
11.1 fromurl
def fromurl( cmd ) :
encore = 1
while encore :
try :
f = urllib.urlopen( cmd )
rep = f.read()
f.close()
encore = 0
except Exception,e :
#print str(e)
encore = 1
return rep
11.2 socket.setdefaulttimeout
timeout = 10
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
text = urllib2.urlopen('http://at.bht.fr').read()
print( text )
11.3 HTTPBasicAuthHandler
auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
auth_handler.add_password(
realm='My Application',
uri='',
user='',
passwd=''
)
opener = urllib2.build_opener( auth_handler )
# ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
urllib2.install_opener( opener )
text = urllib2.urlopen('https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim').read()
print( text )
11.4 ProxyBasicAuthHandler
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/','https': 'https://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/'})
proxy_auth_handler = urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler()
proxy_auth_handler.add_password('realm', 'proxypac.edf.fr', '', '')
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler, proxy_auth_handler)
# ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
text = urllib2.urlopen('http://at.bht.fr').read()
print( text )
11.5 ProxyBasicAuthHandler
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/','https': 'https://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/'})
proxy_auth_handler = urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler()
proxy_auth_handler.add_password('realm', 'proxypac.edf.fr', '', '')
auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
auth_handler.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
uri='https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim',
user='',
passwd='')
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler, proxy_auth_handler,auth_handler)
# ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
text = urllib2.urlopen('https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim').read()
print( text )
11.6 https sans authentification
timeout = 10
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
text = urllib2.urlopen('https://www.google.fr').read()
print( text )
12 Expressions régulières
- voir plus généralement Expressions régulières
12.1 Never match
class CNeverMatch :
def match( self, f ) :
return 0
12.2 Allways match
class CAllwaysMatch :
def match( self, f ) :
return 1
12.3 Remplacer avec sub : replace_re.py
Un petit programme complet très utile pour traiter les fichiers (utilisation de sub)
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: 'ISO8859-1' -*-
import os, sys, re
def fromfile( filename ) :
f = open(filename, "r")
text = f.read()
f.close()
return text
def replace_re( exp, remplacant, txt ) :
pat=re.compile( exp )
newtxt= re.sub( pat, remplacant, txt)
return newtxt
def replace_re_file( exp, remplacant, filename ) :
txt = fromfile( filename )
return replace_re( exp, remplacant, txt )
def help() :
print "HELP"
print "\treplace_re.py expression_reguliere remplacant filename1 "
if __name__ == '__main__' :
if len( sys.argv ) == 4 :
txt = replace_re_file( sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2], sys.argv[3] )
print txt
else :
help()
12.4 findall et sub
Le code suivant remplace dans les lignes d'un fichier telles que
<td style="cursor:pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1px solid #CCC;"> </a></td>
toutes le chaines par le calcul des couleurs qui se trouvent dans rgb(XXX, XXX, XXX), cela donne dans notre cas :
<td style="cursor:pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1px solid #CCC;" >#ffff99</td>
def rgb( r,v,b ) :
return "#%02x%02x%02x" %(r,v,b)
def dd( filename ) :
pattern=re.compile(".*(rgb\(\d+, *\d+, *\d+\));.*")
pat = re.compile( " " )
txt = fromfile( filename ).split("\n")
newtxt=""
for l in txt :
tr=re.findall( pattern, l)
if len(tr)>0 :
code=eval(tr[0])
newl= re.sub( pat, code, l)
else :
newl=l
print newl
newtxt+=newl
13 Les conversions
13.1 Limiter le nombre de chiffres significatifs
def roundToSignificantDigitNumber( x , nbDigit ):
if x != 0.0 :
ten = round(math.log10(x))
tenFac = 10 ** ten
x = round(x / tenFac, nbDigit-1)
x = x * tenFac
return x
13.2 Convertir les None en nan
On utilise les liste en compréhension :
a = ( None, 1.2, -4 )
b = [ x if x is not None else float("nan") for x in a ]
on obtient:
[nan, 1.2, -4]
13.3 hexadécimal
def hextoint( x ):
return int(x,16)
def inttohex( x ):
return hex(x)
13.4 binaire
a= "{0:08b}".format( a )
ou
def bintoint( x ):
return int(x,2)
def inttobin( x ):
return bin(x)
13.5 Couleur vers int (alpha, red, green, blue)
def argbToInt( a, r, g, b ):
st=struct.pack(">BBBB", a, r, g, b )
i= struct.unpack(">I", st)[0]
return i
def intToArgb( i ):
print i
st=struct.pack(">I", i )
return struct.unpack(">BBBB", st)
14 Formatage de texte
14.1 Le principe de la méthode .format
Un exemple pour comprendre rapidement :
"{name1:1.2f} bla bla {name2:02d} {name1:f}".format(name1=3.14, name2=456)
Ce qui produit :
'3.14 bla bla 456 3.140000'
15 Les dates
15.1 get_datetime_str
def get_datetime_str():
return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S",time.localtime())
def get_date_year( date ):
return time.strftime("%Y",date)
def get_date_month( date ):
return time.strftime("%m",date)
def get_date_day( date ):
return time.strftime("%d",date)
15.2 date_str2date_float
def date_str2float( sdate ):
ds = time.strptime( sdate,"%d/%m/%Y" )
d = time.mktime( ds )
return d
15.3 date_float2date_str
def date_float2date_str( d ):
ds = time.strftime("%d/%m/%Y", time.gmtime(d) )
return ds
15.4 date_float_add_days
def date_float_add_days( d, nb ):
nd = d + 3600*24*nb
return nd
15.5 time2str str2time getAcTimeOfFile timeToFile fileToTime
timeForat = "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S"
def time2str( t=None ):
st = time.localtime( t )
return time.strftime( timeForat , st )
def str2time( text ) :
st = time.strptime( dT, timeForat )
return time.mktime( st )
def getAcTimeOfFile( filename ):
infoStat = os.stat( filename )
st = time.localtime( infoStat.st_atime )
t = time.mktime( st )
return t
def timeToFile( filename, t ):
dT = time2str( t )
tofile( filename, dT )
def fileToTime( filename ):
dt = fromfile( filename )
16 Physique
16.1 Nombre de chiffres significatifs
16.2 Rationnels et calculs symboliques / formels
- What is Symbolic Computation?
- Number Theory in SymPy
- sympy
- mpmath
- Welcome to mpmath’s documentation!
from sympy import Rational
a = Rational(2,3)
print(a)
b = Rational(4,3)
print(a+b)
a=Rational(2*3*5*7*7,2*7*31)
print(a)
sympy.factorint(105)
a = 2*3*5*7*7
b= 2*7*31
sympy.factorint(a)
sympy.factorint(b)
pgcd = sympy.gcd(a,b)
print(pgcd)
aa= a / pgcd
bb= b / pgcd
sympy.factorint(aa)
sympy.factorint(bb)
2/3
2
105
───
31
{3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 1}
{2: 1, 3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 2}
{2: 1, 7: 1, 31: 1}
14
{3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 1}
{31: 1}
from sympy import symbol
from sympy import symbols
x = symbols("x")
sympy.init_printing(use_unicode=True)
sympy.integrate(sympy.sin(x**2), x)
sympy.integrate(sympy.sin(x**2), (x,-sympy.oo,sympy.oo))
Intégrale :
⎛√2⋅x⎞
3⋅√2⋅√π⋅fresnels⎜────⎟⋅Γ(3/4)
⎝ √π ⎠
─────────────────────────────
8⋅Γ(7/4)
√2⋅√π
─────
2
16.3 Unités
- Voir [2]
from sympy.physics.units import *
a = 254 * m / s
b = convert_to(a, [minute])
print(b)
find_unit(kg)
15240*meter/minute
[g, kg, mg, ug, amu, mmu, amus, gram, mmus, grams, pound, pounds,
kilogram, kilograms, microgram, milligram, micrograms, milligrams,
planck_mass, milli_mass_unit, atomic_mass_unit, atomic_mass_constant]
16.3.1 Listes des unités
# Dimensionless
percent = percents = Rational(1, 100)
permille = permille = Rational(1, 1000)
ten = Rational(10)
yotta = ten**24
zetta = ten**21
exa = ten**18
peta = ten**15
tera = ten**12
giga = ten**9
mega = ten**6
kilo = ten**3
deca = ten**1
deci = ten**-1
centi = ten**-2
milli = ten**-3
micro = ten**-6
nano = ten**-9
pico = ten**-12
femto = ten**-15
atto = ten**-18
zepto = ten**-21
yocto = ten**-24
rad = radian = radians = 1
deg = degree = degrees = pi/180
sr = steradian = steradians = 1
# Base units
length = m = meter = meters = Unit('meter', 'm')
mass = kg = kilogram = kilograms = Unit('kilogram', 'kg')
time = s = second = seconds = Unit('second', 's')
current = A = ampere = amperes = Unit('ampere', 'A')
temperature = K = kelvin = kelvins = Unit('kelvin', 'K')
amount = mol = mole = moles = Unit('mole', 'mol')
luminosity = cd = candela = candelas = Unit('candela', 'cd')
# Derived units
volume = meter**3
frequency = Hz = hz = hertz = 1/s
force = N = newton = newtons = m*kg/s**2
energy = J = joule = joules = N*m
power = W = watt = watts = J/s
pressure = Pa = pa = pascal = pascals = N/m**2
charge = C = coulomb = coulombs = s*A
voltage = v = V = volt = volts = W/A
resistance = ohm = ohms = V/A
conductance = S = siemens = mho = mhos = A/V
capacitance = F = farad = farads = C/V
magnetic_flux = Wb = wb = weber = webers = J/A
magnetic_flux_density = T = tesla = teslas = V*s/m**2
inductance = H = henry = henrys = V*s/A
speed = m/s
acceleration = m/s**2
density = kg/m**3
optical_power = dioptre = D = 1/m
illuminance = lux = lx = sr*cd/m**2
# Common length units
km = kilometer = kilometers = kilo*m
dm = decimeter = decimeters = deci*m
cm = centimeter = centimeters = centi*m
mm = millimeter = millimeters = milli*m
um = micrometer = micrometers = micron = microns = micro*m
nm = nanometer = nanometers = nano*m
pm = picometer = picometers = pico*m
ft = foot = feet = Rational('0.3048')*m
inch = inches = Rational('25.4')*mm
yd = yard = yards = 3*ft
mi = mile = miles = 5280*ft
# Common volume and area units
l = liter = liters = m**3 / 1000
dl = deciliter = deciliters = deci*l
cl = centiliter = centiliters = centi*l
ml = milliliter = milliliters = milli*l
# Common time units
ms = millisecond = milliseconds = milli*s
us = microsecond = microseconds = micro*s
ns = nanosecond = nanoseconds = nano*s
ps = picosecond = picoseconds = pico*s
minute = minutes = 60*s
h = hour = hours = 60*minute
day = days = 24*hour
anomalistic_year = anomalistic_years = Rational('365.259636')*day
sidereal_year = sidereal_years = Rational('31558149.540')*s
tropical_year = tropical_years = Rational('365.24219')*day
common_year = common_years = Rational('365')*day
julian_year = julian_years = Rational('365.25')*day
draconic_year = draconic_years = Rational('346.62')*day
gaussian_year = gaussian_years = Rational('365.2568983')*day
full_moon_cycle = full_moon_cycles = Rational('411.78443029')*day
year = years = tropical_year
# Common mass units
g = gram = grams = kilogram / kilo
mg = milligram = milligrams = milli * g
ug = microgram = micrograms = micro * g
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Physical constants
#
c = speed_of_light = 299792458 * m/s
G = gravitational_constant = Rational('6.67428') * ten**-11 * m**3 / kg / s**2
u0 = magnetic_constant = 4*pi * ten**-7 * N/A**2
e0 = electric_constant = 1/(u0 * c**2)
Z0 = vacuum_impedance = u0 * c
planck = Rational('6.62606896') * ten**-34 * J*s
hbar = planck / (2*pi)
avogadro_number = Rational('6.02214179') * 10**23
avogadro = avogadro_constant = avogadro_number / mol
boltzmann = Rational('1.3806505') * ten**-23 * J / K
gee = gees = Rational('9.80665') * m/s**2
atmosphere = atmospheres = atm = 101325 * pascal
kPa = kilo*Pa
bar = bars = 100*kPa
pound = pounds = 0.45359237 * kg * gee # exact
psi = pound / inch ** 2
dHg0 = 13.5951 # approx value at 0 C
mmHg = dHg0 * 9.80665 * Pa
amu = amus = gram / avogadro / mol
mmu = mmus = gram / mol
quart = quarts = Rational(231, 4) * inch**3
eV = 1.602176487e-19 * J
# Other convenient units and magnitudes
ly = lightyear = lightyears = c*julian_year
au = astronomical_unit = astronomical_units = 149597870691*m
17 Math
17.1 Équation de second degré
def secondDegreeEquation(a,b,c):
# a*x*x + b*y + c = 0
x1 = None
x2 = None
det = b*b - 4 * a * c
if det>= 0.0 :
sqDet = math.sqrt(det)
a2 = a * 2.0
x1 = (-b - sqDet ) / a2
x2 = (-b + sqDet ) / a2
return x1, x2
17.2 Régression linéaire
source www.science-emergence.com
Fig. n°5: Régression linéaire
from sklearn import linear_model
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x,y = np.loadtxt("test.txt", unpack='true')
plt.scatter(x,y)
regr = linear_model.LinearRegression()
regr.fit(x[:,np.newaxis], y)
x_test = np.linspace(np.min(x), np.max(x), 100)
plt.plot(x_test, regr.predict(x_test[:,np.newaxis]), color='blue', linewidth=3)
plt.show()
Pour obtenir le coefficient directeur et l'ordonnée à l'origine de la droite:
print 'slope', regr.coef_
print 'intercept', regr.intercept_
donne ici
slope [ 0.80723367]
intercept -0.623011727604
17.3 Décomposition d'un nombre en facteurs premiers
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
def facteurs(n):
"""facteurs(n): décomposition d'un nombre entier n en facteurs premiers"""
F = []
if n==1:
return F
# recherche de tous les facteurs 2 s'il y en a
while n>=2:
x,r = divmod(n,2)
if r!=0:
break
F.append(2)
n = x
# recherche des facteurs 1er >2
i=3
rn = lsqrt(n)+1
while i<=n:
if i>rn:
F.append(n)
break
x,r = divmod(n,i)
if r==0:
F.append(i)
n=x
rn = lsqrt(n)+1
else:
i += 2
return F
# exemple d'utilisation:
print facteurs(100) # affiche [2,2,5,5]
print facteurs(123456789) # affiche [3,3,3607,3803]
print facteurs(12345678901234567890) # affiche [2,3,3,5,101,3541,3607,3803,27961L]
# et test avec un nombre premier
print facteurs(4291979) # affiche [4291979]
17.4 Histogram - densité de probabilité
17.4.1 Numpy
Utilisation la fonction d’histogramme de numpy voir [3]
Avec l’option {{{1}}} :
Soit n Intervalles I(i) de longueur L(i) et Q(i) la quantité de valeurs incluse dans I(i)
Soit Qt = somme des Qi
Alors l’histogramme avec density=True est la suite des H(i) = Q(i)/L(i)/Qt
Et ainsi l’intégrale de de l’histogramme vaut 1 car c’est la somme de des H(i)*L(i) = somme de Q(i)/Qt = 1
Voici un petit code python pour illustrer :
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import numpy as np
interval = np.linspace(-0.5,1.5,20)
print(interval)
intervalD = np.diff(interval)
print(intervalD)
vals = [ -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, -0.8, 2.8, 0.4 , 6.8, 1.3 ]
hist0 = np.histogram( vals, bins=interval )
hist = np.histogram( vals, bins=interval , density=True)
print("quantity")
print(hist0[0].tolist())
print("density")
print(hist[0].tolist())
print("integral")
print( np.sum(hist[0]*intervalD) )
ce qui donne :
[-0.5 -0.39473684 -0.28947368 -0.18421053 -0.07894737 0.02631579
0.13157895 0.23684211 0.34210526 0.44736842 0.55263158 0.65789474
0.76315789 0.86842105 0.97368421 1.07894737 1.18421053 1.28947368
1.39473684 1.5 ]
[0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316]
quantity
[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
density
[0.0, 0.0, 1.9, 0.0, 0.0, 1.9, 0.0, 0.0, 3.8, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.8999999999999981, 0.0]
integral
1.0
18 Parallélisme
18.1 multiprocessing
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************
import time
import math
import sys
from multiprocessing import Pool
def parallel_call(params): # a helper for calling 'remote' instances
cls = getattr(sys.modules[__name__], params[0]) # get our class type
instance = cls.__new__(cls) # create a new instance without invoking __init__
instance.__dict__ = params[1] # apply the passed state to the new instance
method = getattr(instance, params[2]) # get the requested method
args = params[3] if isinstance(params[3], (list, tuple)) else [params[3]]
return method(*args) # expand arguments, call our method and return the result
class A(object):
def __init__(self, num):
self.num = num
self.z = None
self.procNb = 6
def calc(self, fc, num):
self.z = 0
self.num = num
for x in range(7000000) :
y = math.cos(x*x)
self.z = math.sqrt(abs(y)) + fc
return (self.num, self.z, self)
def run(self, fcNum):
t = Pool(processes=self.procNb)
rs = t.map(parallel_call, self.prepare_call("calc", (fcNum) ))
t.close()
return rs
def prepare_call(self, name, args): # creates a 'remote call' package for each argument
for arg in args:
yield [self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__, name, arg]
if __name__ == "__main__": # important protection for cross-platform use
data = [
(0.1,1),
(0.2,2),
(0.5,3),
(0.6,4),
(0.71,5),
(2.45,6),
(2.5,7),
(9.45,8),
(11.05,9),
(0.45,10)
]
t0 = time.time()
# parallel
print("\nparallèle")
aa = A(2)
res = aa.run( data )
for num, z, a in res :
print("% 5d % 5.1f % 5d % 5d" % (num, z, a.num, id(a)))
pt = time.time()-t0
print("\n t=% 5.1f" % (pt),"s" )
t0 = time.time()
# serial
print("\nsérie")
for fc, num in data :
num, z, a = aa.calc(fc, num)
print("% 5d % 5.1f % 5d % 5d" % (num, z, a.num, id(aa)))
st = time.time()-t0
print("\n t=% 5.1f" % (st),"s" )
print("\n gain=% 5.1f % 5.1f" % (st/pt, st/a.procNb),"" )
18.2 Timer (onsolète voir multiprocessing)
import threading
prLock = threading.RLock()
# ...
# initialization
self.timer = None
self.executing = False
self.wating = False
# ...
############################################################################
def doSomeThing(self):
global prLock
prLock.acquire()
if self.executing:
# ... do someThing in parallel thread
prLock.release()
self.launchTimer()
############################################################################
def launchTimer(self):
global prLock
if self.executing:
self.timer = threading.Timer(10, self.doSomeThing)
self.timer.start()
else:
prLock.acquire()
self.wating = False
prLock.release()
# ...
# start the main process
prLock.acquire()
param.wating = True
param.executing = True
prLock.release()
# ... do things in the main thread
prLock.acquire()
param.executing = False
print "wait ..."
prLock.release()
waiting = True
while waiting:
prLock.acquire()
waiting = param.wating
prLock.release()
# the end of all
19 Aller plus loin avec le langage
19.1 Obtenir le nom ou les noms de la variable
tdo-1
A tester et valider :
def find_names(obj):
frame = sys._getframe()
for frame in iter(lambda: frame.f_back, None):
frame.f_locals
result = []
for referrer in gc.get_referrers(obj):
if isinstance(referrer, dict):
for k, v in referrer.iteritems():
if v is obj:
result.append(k)
return result
19.2 Obtenir le nom de la fonction
19.2.1 Nom de fichier, n° de ligne, nom de fonction sur plusieurs niveaux
import sys
import inspect
def getFrameStr( fr ):
_, fileName = os.path.split( fr.f_code.co_filename )
fname = fr.f_code.co_name
line = fr.f_lineno
return "%s(%d).%s" % (fileName,line, fname)
def pfname():
src1 = ""
src2 = ""
src3 = ""
nb = len(inspect.stack())
print( nb )
if nb > 2 :
src1 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(3) )
if nb > 1 :
src2 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(2) )
if nb > 0 :
src3 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(1) )
print( "%s %s %s : " %(src1,src2,src3), end="" )
19.2.2 Fonction courante
def pfname( self ):
print self.__class__.__name__,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name
def func_name():
return sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
19.2.3 Fonction appelante
def pfname( self ):
print self.__class__.__name__,sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
Voir aussi error_in_function
19.2.4 Liens
20 utilisation des feuilles excel
- Lien vers les modules (source) :
Working with Excel Files in Python
This site contains pointers to the best information available about working with Excel files in the Python programming language.
Documentation
21 clipboard - presse-papier
21.1 le module clipboard
import clipboard
clipboard.copy("abc") # now the clipboard content will be string "abc"
text = clipboard.paste() # text will have the content of clipboard
source : https://pypi.python.org/pypi/clipboard/0.0.4
il faut aussi : https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyperclip21.2 Exemple d'application : copier le chemin du fond d'écran de gnome dans le clipboard
#!/bin/bash
the_bash_file=$0
the_bash_file_dir_name=$(realpath `dirname "$the_bash_file"`)
the_bash_file_base_name=`basename "$the_bash_file"`
imgpath=$(gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri)
python ${the_bash_file_dir_name}/toClipBoard.py "${imgpath}"
#!/bin/python
import os
import sys
import clipboard
clipboard.copy(sys.argv[1][1:-1])
22 Texte
22.1 Supprimer les accents
import unicodedata
def strip_accents(ss):
s=ss
return ''.join(c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFD', s) if unicodedata.category(c) != 'Mn')
22.2 rearrange_text
patWordSep=re.compile("\s+", re.DOTALL )
def rearrange_text( text, tab, rearrange_lf=0 ):
lines = list()
if rearrange_lf :
txt = ''
ww = text.split('\n')
if len(ww) == 0 :
txt = text
else :
for w in ww :
txt += w.strip()+' '
words = patWordSep.split( txt )
if len(words) > 0 :
txt = ""
line = ''
for w in words :
w=w.strip()
if len(w) > 0 :
if len(line) + len(w) > 80 :
lines.append( line )
line = w + " "
else :
line=line+w+" "
if len( line )>0 :
lines.append( line )
else :
ww = text.split('\n')
if len(ww) == 0 :
lines.append( text )
else :
for w in ww :
lines.append( w )
txt = ''
for line in lines :
txt += tab+line+"\n"
return txt
23 XML avec xml.dom.minidom
24 XML avec xml.sax.xmlreader
25 Tkinter : la bibliothèque graphique
26 Installation
26.1 Installation de librairies
26.1.1 Seulement pour un utilisateur
python setup.py install --user
26.2 Installation avec compilation des modules écrits en C
26.2.1 Sous WINDOWS
Le mieux est d'installer Visual Studio avec l'option « Python tools ... » en choisissant l'option « Installation personnalisée »
26.2.2 Sous Linux
27 pylint
pylint --generate-rcfile > ~/.pylintrc
28 Annotation des functions - typage des arguments
Il est recommandé d'adopter les conventions suivantes pour améliorer la lisibilité du code :
def send_email(address, # type: Union[str, List[str]]
sender, # type: str
cc, # type: Optional[List[str]]
bcc, # type: Optional[List[str]]
subject='',
body=None # type: List[str]
):
# type: (...) -> bool
"""Send an email message. Return True if successful."""
...
from typing import List
class Example:
def method(self,
lst, # type: List[str]
opt=0, # type: int
*args, # type: str
**kwargs # type: bool
):
# type: (...) -> int
"""Docstring comes after type comment."""
...
29 PyHelp
30 Utilisation de python dans le monde du web (World Wide Web)
30.1 Apache/Python Integration (mod_python)
30.2 Apache/Python Integration (mod_wsgi)
30.3 |Apache/Python Integration Twited
30.4 Liens
31 mp3play
32 debuguer Python
- pylint
- pychecker
- pyflakes
- flake8
33 Différences entre Python 2 et 3
- The key differences between Python 2.7.x and Python 3.x with examples
34 Lines pour débuter
Par ordre de priorité décroissante :
- Pour débuter en Python pour le calcul scientifique :
- Cours CEA, une introduction pour débutant (en principe) : http://iramis.cea.fr/Phocea/file.php?class=cours&file=/olivier.tache/Utilisation_scientifique_de_Python.pdf
- Complément (CEA) pour les graphiques (toujours pour débutants) :
- Cours vidéo en anglais plus général :
- Cours très complet sur le langage Python :
35 Voir aussi
36 Liens
- ★★ Cours pour débuter en python scientifique
- ctypes
- Calling C++ Classes from Python, with ctypes…
- Speeding up element-wise array multiplication in python
- f2py import Fortran code in Python
- wrapper C/C++ avec du Python
- Calling C++ Classes from Python, with ctypes…
- Extending and Embedding the Python 3 Interpreter
- 10+ Best Python IDES for Software Development (ide Environnement de développement)
- ★★★ Python From Scratch
- Cours sous forme de videos
- https://open.cs.uwaterloo.ca/python-from-scratch/
- Projet Euler
- Computer Science Circles (tutoriel)
- This website teaches computer programming. This skill is very useful: with programming you can automate computer tasks, make art and music, interpret and analyze survey results, build tools for other people, create custom websites, write games, examine genetic data, connect people with each other, and the list goes on and on.
- https://cscircles.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/
- Apprendre à programmer avec Python 3 - Gérard Swinnen
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - thinkpython - Allen Downey, Jerey Elkner, Chris Meyers
- Domptage de serpent pour les enfants - Apprendre à programmer avec Python - Écrit par Jason R. Briggs et Traduit et adapté par Michel Weinachter
- Python for Non-Programmers
- Repl.it
- Simple, reliable, and portable cloud coding interface. A community of teachers, students and engineers.
- https://repl.it/languages/python
- ANACONDA
- Anaconda is the leading open data science platform powered by Python
- https://www.continuum.io/downloads
- The 10 Most Common Mistakes That Python Developers Make
- PEP 3107 -- Function Annotations
