Voir la source de Aide mémoire d'Arthur pour l'utilisation de Python

{{Introduction
|texte=Cette page contient une information concise sur le langage python.
|auteurs=Arthur TOROSSIAN
|index=Python
}}

== Précédence des opérateurs ==
{{parW|
* [https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence docs.python.org]
}}
== Système et codage das chaînes de caractères ==
{{parW|1=
Parfois le codage avec le système a des problèmes :
{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code= 
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
print(sys.stdout.encoding)
}}
{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

print( "OS encoding : ", locale.getpreferredencoding())
}}
Pour python3 :
{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code=
def printRaw( *text ):
    myout = open(1, "w", encoding = "UTF-8", closefd = False)
    print(*text, file=myout)
    myout.flush()
    myout.close()
}}
}}

== Programme ==
=== Versionnement ===
==== Application ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
################################################################################
# release.V1.V2.V3.V4
# release x(n), rpa, ra, rb, rc(n), rl :
#         x(n) : x1 x2 , x3 ... x400 ... (in development)
#         rpa  : Release Pre-Alpha for unit or intergation tests
#         ra   : release alpha final tests in development team "recette usine"
#         rb   : release beta test in client test team "recettes métier"
#         rc(n): release candidate 1, 2, 3, ... test in client test team
#         rl   : release live "live release" or gd (gold) or pr (prod)
# 
#         V1 : architecture modification
#         V2 : function modifications
#         V3 : implementation of functions
#         V4 : bug corrections 
VERSION = "x1-0.0.0.0"
################################################################################
APP_PATH, APP_NAME = os.path.split(__file__)
}}
}}
==== Library ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
################################################################################
# API identification file with list of interface published and accessible items.
################################################################################
# module identification file with api sub module.
#
# [release-]current.revision.age
#
# [release-]apiVersion.revisionOfThisVersion.ageOfThisApi
#
# exemple : 3.1.2
#             if you use API 1.x.x you can use it : 3-2=1 
# current :
#         interface, API version
# revision:
#         implementation of API version
# age     :
#         ascendant compatibility between API
#         versions compatible width API : current, current-1, ...(current - age) 
#
# release x(n), rpa, ra, rb, rc(n), rl :
#         x(n) : x1 x2 , x3 ... x400 ... (in development)
#         rpa  : Release Pre-Alpha for unit or intergation tests
#         ra   : release alpha final tests in development team "recette usine"
#         rb   : release beta test in client test team "recettes métier"
#         rc(n): release candidate 1, 2, 3, ... test in client test team
#         rl   : release live "live release" or gd (gold) or pr (prod)
VERSION = "x1-0.0.0"
ABSTRACT_MSG="call of abstract method"
}}
}}

=== En-tête ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
}}
}}

=== main ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code=
if __name__ == '__main__' :    
    pass
}}
}}

=== minmal ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re

if __name__ == '__main__' :    
    pass
}}
}}

=== Exception, raise, try ===
{{parW|1=
{{cadreR|1=
Lire d'abord [[#goodWay|La bonne façon de gérer les exceptions]]
}}
}}
==== solution élégante pour tracer et informer ====
{{parW|1=
Exemple  d'utilisation
{{code|lang=python|code=
    def debugInfo( pm ):
        global debugIndex
        traceback.format_stack()
        # frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(
        #                                     inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]
        debugIndex += 1
        print("")
        print("id(pm)", id(pm) )
        print("debugIndex",debugIndex)
        for ll in traceback.format_stack()[:-1] :
            print( "    "+ll )
        print(pm)
        print("%s" %(pm.onGetInfo))
        print("%s %s" %(pm.pressureDropMaxTime, pm.pressureDropMax ))
        print("Enter");input()
}}

{{code|lang=python|code=
import traceback
import sys
from testLib import exceptionProcess
                
def myFunction2( a ):
    myFunction( a )

class MyClass :
    def __init__(self,a):
        self.a = a
    def do(self):
        try :
            a = self.a / 0             
        except Exception as err :
            errMsg = exceptionProcess(err, sys.exc_info(), 
                                                    traceback.format_stack() )
            print(errMsg)
            exit(1)
        
def myFunction( a ):
    cl = MyClass(a)
    cl.do()
    print("End of myFunction")        
        
if __name__ == '__main__' :
    pass
    myFunction2( 3 )
}}


{{code||lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import inspect
import traceback
################################################################################
def exceptionProcess(err, exeInfo, lastStack ):
    """
import sys
import traceback
import inspect
    
use :
errMsg = exceptionProcess(err, sys.exc_info(), traceback.format_stack() )
"""    
    frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(
                                            inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]    
    last =  traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_tb(exeInfo[2]))[0]
    history = lastStack
    txt = ""
    for x in history[:-1] :
        txt += x
    txt += last
    txt += "catched p:%s\nline:%s func:%s\n" % (filename, num, func)    
    txt += "ERROR " + str(err)    
    return txt
################################################################################
}}
}}

==== Obtenir nom de fichier, numéro de ligne et nom de fonction ====
===== Cas simple mais non utile =====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
import inspect

raisehead = "Error in %s:%s:%s\n" %inspect.getframeinfo(inspect.currentframe())[:3]
raise xmlBaseError("%sNo valid cardinality=%s for node named grammar in grammar" %(raisehead,node_nb)) 
}}
}}

===== Obtenir nom de fichier, numéro de ligne et nom de fonction de l'appelant  =====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
class xmlBaseError( Exception ) :
    def __init__(self, value):
        frame,filename, num, func = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1][:4]
        path, name = os.path.split(filename)
        head="%s:%s:%s\n    " % ( name, num, func)
        self.value = head+value
    def __str__(self):
        return self.value
}}
}}
==== Un exemple simple pour tout exceptions en affichant la trace ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python

try :
    raise ...

except SomeException as err:
    errtrbk = traceback.format_exc()
    print "ERROR:\n%s\%s" %(str(err),errtrbk))

    print u"MyException raised", e.__class__.__name__, e
else :
    print u"Unkown exeption :"
}}
}}
==== Un exemple avec importation ====
{{parW|1=
exception_test.py  :
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
class MyException( Exception ) :
    pass
}}
fonctions.py :  
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
from exception_test import MyException

def f() :
    raise MyException(u"test")
}}
raise.py :
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python

from exception_test import MyException
from fonctions import f

try :
    f()
except MyException,e :
    print u"MyException raised", e.__class__.__name__, e
else :
    print u"Unkown exeption"
}}

Résultats :
{{code|colNb=70|lang=text|code=
MyException raised MyException test
}}
}}

=== Options en ligne de commande ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ISO8859-1 -*-

import os,sys, getopt

################################################################################
# Help
################################################################################
def help() :
    print u"""\
Help on %(app)s :
-------------------    
%(app)s -x -x AAA --XXXX --XXXX AAAA  
    -h :
        print this help
    """ % ({"app":__file__})   
################################################################################
# Main
################################################################################

if __name__ == '__main__' :
    short = u"xh"
    long = []
    opts,args=getopt.getopt( sys.argv[1:],short, long)
    options = list()
    for opt,val in opts:
        options.append( opt )
    
    for opt,val in opts:
        #if opt==u'-x' :
        #    ...        
        #if opt==u'--XXXXXX' :
        #    ...   
        pass

    if (len(args)==0) and (len(opts)==0) :
        options.append( u"-h" )

    if u'-h' in options  :
        help()
    else :
        # lauch requests ...
        pass
}}
}}googWay

=== Options en ligne de commande : getopt, help, CParams ===
{{parW|1=
generated by {{m|gen_main_options.py}} :
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************
"""\
TODO
"""
import os
import sys
import getopt
#import string
#import re
#import time
#import shutil
################################################################################
# Version
################################################################################
APP_PATH, APP_NAME = os.path.split(__file__)
VERSION = u"0.1.0"
################################################################################
# Exceptions
################################################################################
class CAppException(Exception):
    """\
the exception class of the module
    """
    pass
################################################################################
# The process
################################################################################
def do_someThing(params):
    """\
the main process
    """
    print params.longParamVal
    raise CAppException("not good for us")
################################################################################
# params
################################################################################
class CParam(object):
    """\
parameters of the process
    """
    def __init__(self):
        """\
initialize all default values of parameters
        """
        self.errorMsg = ""
        self.shortParamBool = None
        self.shortParamVal = None
        self.longParamBool = None
        self.longParamVal = None

    def write_errorOnStdOutput(self):
        """\
print the parameter errors
        """
        for ms in self.errorMsg.split('\n'):
            if ms.strip() != "":
                print "ERROR: %s" % ms
        exit(1)

    def checkParam(self):
        """\
check parameters
        """
        ok = True
        self.errorMsg = ""
        if self.shortParamBool != None:
            ok = True
            self.errorMsg += " ... \n"

        if self.shortParamVal != None:
            ok = True
            self.errorMsg += " ... \n"

        if self.longParamBool != None:
            ok = True
            self.errorMsg += " ... \n"

        if self.longParamVal != None:
            ok = True
            self.errorMsg += " ... \n"
        if not ok:
            self.write_errorOnStdOutput()
        return ok

################################################################################
# Help
################################################################################
def write_helpOnStdOutput():
    u"""\
print the help of the application
    """
    print u"""
Help on %(app)s:
-------------------
* %(app)s version %(version)s
    %(app)s -h

* Options:
    -h:
      Print this help.
    -b
      ...
    -v <val>
      ...
    --longBool
      ...
    --longVal <val>
      ...""" % ({u"app": APP_NAME, u"version": VERSION})

################################################################################
# Main
################################################################################
def executeMainProcess():
    """\
    execute main process
    """
    try:
        appParam = CParam()
        shortOption = u"hsv:"
        longOption = [u"longBool", u"longVal="]
        dohelp = False

        opts = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], shortOption, longOption)[0]

        for opt, val in opts:

            if opt == u'-h':
                dohelp = True
                write_helpOnStdOutput()

            if opt == u'-s':
                appParam.shortParamBool = True

            if opt == u'-v':
                appParam.shortParamVal = val

            if opt == u'--longBool':
                appParam.longParamBool = True

            if opt == u'--longVal':
                appParam.longParamVal = val

            else:
                pass

        appOk = appParam.checkParam()
        if (not dohelp) and appOk:
            do_someThing(appParam)

    except Exception as ex:
        info = sys.exc_info()
        raise CAppException("\nERRORS %s" % str(ex)), None, info[2]

if __name__ == u'__main__':
    executeMainProcess()
}}
}}

=== execute - command - popen === 
{{parW|1={{Alerte|texte=Utiliser plutôt [[#subprocess.Popen|subrocess]] (os.pepen est obsolète)}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
def execute( command  ) :
    print "cmd : ", command
    e = os.popen( command + " 2>&1" , "r" )
    out = e.read()    
    rc =  e.close()
    if rc == None :
        rc= 0
    std_out = out
    std_err="See Standard out"
    return rc, std_out, std_err
}}
En mode pas à pas; interception de la sortie standard en cours
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re
import subprocess
import sys
pat = re.compile("(\d\/\d)")
def do(exe):
    sys.stdout.flush()
    try:
        p = subprocess.Popen(exe, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = \
                                                subprocess.STDOUT, shell = True)
    except Exception as err:
        print err
        sys.stdout.flush()
    encore = True
    while(encore):
        retcode = p.poll()  # returns None while subprocess is running
        sys.stdout.flush()
        line = p.stdout.readline()
        val = pat.findall(line)
        if len(val) > 0:
            print val[0]
        sys.stdout.flush()
        encore = retcode == None
    print "end"
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print "start"
    do("python cmd.py")
    print "end"
}}
le programme {{mm|cmd.py}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import sys
import time
nb = 10
for x in range(nb):
    print "toto %d/%d" % (x, nb)
    sys.stdout.flush()
    time.sleep(1.0)
}}  
}}

=== execute - command - subprocess - popen ===
{{parW|1={{id|subprocess.Popen}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
def executeInShell( shellcmd  ) :
    process = subprocess.Popen( shellcmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE )    
    stdoutdata, stderrdata = process.communicate()        
    return process.returncode, stdoutdata, stderrdata 
}}

Exécution en mode synchrone avec capture progressive de 
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re
import subprocess
import sys
# patTelemacIteration = re.compile("(\d+\/\d+)")
patTelemacIteration = re.compile("ITERATION +(\d+) +TEMPS")

def executeExternalShellCommand(exe):
    sys.stdout.flush()
    try:
        p = subprocess.Popen(exe, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = \
                                                subprocess.STDOUT, shell = True)
    except Exception as err:
        print err
        sys.stdout.flush()
    encore = True
    while(encore):
        retcode = p.poll()  # returns None while subprocess is running
        sys.stdout.flush()
        line = p.stdout.readline()
        print line
        val = patTelemacIteration.findall(line)
        print val
        if len(val) > 0:
            print int(val[0])
        sys.stdout.flush()
        encore = retcode == None
    print "end"
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print "start"
    executeExternalShellCommand("cd ...; python cmd.py")
    print "end"
}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import sys
import time
nb = 10
for x in range(nb):
    print " ITERATION      %d  TEMPS : 15 MN   0.0000 S   (      900.0000 S) IT\
ERATION      200  TEMPS" % (x)
    sys.stdout.flush()
    time.sleep(1.0)
}}
}}
==== Get directly the output ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
result = subprocess.check_output("gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri", shell=True)
}}
}}
=== isLanched ===
{{parW|1=<span id="subprocess.Popen"></span>
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=

def isLanched( procName ):
    import psutil, string
    pid = os.getpid()
    patText = re.escape(procName)
    pat = re.compile( ".*%s.*" % patText )
    ok = False
    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
        if pid != proc.pid :
            if pat.match( string.join(proc.cmdline()," ") )  :
                ok=True
    return ok
}}
}}
=== Ajouter des répertoire dans le path python en dynamique ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/me/mypy") 
}}
}}

== La commande print ==
=== Afficher sur la sortie d'erreurs (stderr) ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
print >> sys.stderr, "Error ..."
}}

en Python 3 :
{{code|lang=python|code=
print(5, "toto", file=sys.stderr)
}}

Sa propre fonction:
{{code|lang=python|code=
def conErrOut(*args):
    print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kwargs)
}}
}}

== Design pattern, POO, Algorithmes ==
=== POO Programmation orientée objet ===
==== class attribute - instance attribute ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
class CObj(object):
  classAttr = 0
  def __init__(self, name, instance_attr):
    self.name = name
    self.objAttr = instance_attr
  def __str__(self):
    return "%s %s %s %s" %(self.name, self.classAttr, self.objAttr, self.__dict__)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    obj1 = CObj("A", 1)
    obj2 = CObj("B", 2)

    
    print (CObj.classAttr)
    print (obj1.classAttr)
    print (obj2.classAttr)
    print( obj1 )
    print( obj2 )
    print()
    
    CObj.classAttr += 1
    print (CObj.classAttr)
    print (obj1.classAttr)
    print (obj2.classAttr)    
    print( obj1 )
    print( obj2 )
    print()

    obj1.classAttr += 1    # ATTENTION PIEGE
    print (CObj.classAttr)
    print (obj1.classAttr)
    print (obj2.classAttr)    
    print( obj1 )
    print( obj2 )
    print()

    obj2.classAttr += 1    # ATTENTION PIEGE
    print (CObj.classAttr)
    print (obj1.classAttr)
    print (obj2.classAttr)    
    print( obj1 )
    print( obj2 )
    print()
	
    CObj.classAttr += 1
    print (CObj.classAttr)	
    print (obj1.classAttr)
    print (obj2.classAttr)    
    print( obj1 )
    print( obj2 )
    print()

    print (CObj.objAttr)   # ERROR
}}
{{code|lang=text|code=
0
0
0
A 0 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A'}
B 0 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}

1
1
1
A 1 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A'}
B 1 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}

1
2
1
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 1 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B'}

1
2
2
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 2 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B', 'classAttr': 2}

2
2
2
A 2 1 {'objAttr': 1, 'name': 'A', 'classAttr': 2}
B 2 2 {'objAttr': 2, 'name': 'B', 'classAttr': 2}

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "testP.py", line 55, in <module>
    print (CObj.objAttr)
AttributeError: type object 'CObj' has no attribute 'objAttr'
}}
}}

=== Sérialisation ===
==== pickle ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
################################################################################
import pickle
def objToFile(  obj, fileName  ):
    with open(fileName, 'wb') as handle:
        pickle.dump( obj, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def objFormFile(  fileName  ):
    with open(fileName, 'rb') as handle:
        obj = pickle.load(handle)
    return obj
################################################################################
}}
}}

=== POO ===
==== CDictList ====
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
class CDictList :
    def __init__( self, name ) :
        self.name = name
        self.d = dict()
        self.l = list()
        
    def add( self, obj, name  ) :
        if name in self.d :
            raise Exception( 
                    "object named '%s' is already in CDictList named '%s'" 
                    % ( name, self.name ) )
        self.d[ name ] = obj
        self.l.append( obj ) 
</source>
}}

=== Génération de code ===
==== Générer une fonction ====
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
correctionCoefficient=[ (-5000,-5000), (-4000,-4800), (-1000,-3000), (-50,-1000), (0,0), (400, 5), (500, 10), (1000, 1000),(5000, 5000) ]
def createCorrectionFunction(  ) :
    fileName="func.py"
    txt = "#!/usr/bin/python\n"
    txt += "# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-\n"    
    txt += "def hcorection( val ) :\n"
    txt += "    nval=val\n"
    
    a=correctionCoefficient[0]
    for b in correctionCoefficient[1:] :     
        txt += "    if (val > %d) and (val <=%d) :\n" %( a[0], b[0] )
        txt += "        nval =  ( val- %f )*%f +  %f\n" %( a[0], float(b[1]-a[1])/(b[0]-a[0])  ,a[1] )
        a=b
    txt += "    return nval\n"
    tofile( fileName, txt )
</source>
Ce qui donne la fonction suivante :
{{fig|Exemple|create_function_ex01.png||512px}}
}}

=== Design pattern ===
==== Singleton ====
{{parW|1=
Voici un petit code écrit en python qui explique comment écrire un singleton en langage python. Notez bien que dans la méthode {{m|__init__}} il faut faire quelques vérifications notamment avec les listes. 

<source lang="python">
class CSingleton( object ):
    class_instance = None
    def __init__( self, a ):
        print "CSingleton init"
        self.vitesse = a
        if not hasattr( self, "alist") :
            self.alist = list()
    
    def __new__( typ, *args, **kwargs ):
        print "CSingleton new", typ.class_instance        
        if typ.class_instance == None :
            obj = object.__new__( typ, *args, **kwargs)
            typ.class_instance = obj
        else :
            obj = typ.class_instance        
        return obj

    def addObject(self, obj):
        self.alist.append( obj )

if __name__ == '__main__' :
    a = CSingleton( 1 )
    a.addObject( "Lundi" )
    print "a.vitesse=",a.vitesse
    print "a.alist=",a.alist

    b = CSingleton( 2 )
    b.addObject( "Mardi" )
    print "b.vitesse=",b.vitesse
    print "b.alist=",b.alist

    c = CSingleton( 3 )
    c.addObject( "Mercredi" )
    print "c.vitesse=",c.vitesse
    print "c.alist=",c.alist

    print "a.vitesse=",a.vitesse
    print "a.alist=",a.alist
    print "b.vitesse=",b.vitesse
    print "b.alist=",b.alist
    print "c.vitesse=",c.vitesse
    print "c.alist=",c.alist
    print "id(a)=",id(a)
    print "id(b)=",id(b)
    print "id(c)=",id(c)
</source>

Ce qui donne :
<source lang="bash">
python singleton.py
CSingleton new None
CSingleton init
a.vitesse= 1
a.alist= ['Lundi']
CSingleton new <__main__.CSingleton object at 0xb7cf8ecc>
CSingleton init
b.vitesse= 2
b.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi']
CSingleton new <__main__.CSingleton object at 0xb7cf8ecc>
CSingleton init
c.vitesse= 3
c.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
a.vitesse= 3
a.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
b.vitesse= 3
b.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
c.vitesse= 3
c.alist= ['Lundi', 'Mardi', 'Mercredi']
id(a)= 3083833036
id(b)= 3083833036
id(c)= 3083833036
</source>
}}

=== Algorithmes ===
==== resgression linéaire en 3 dimensions pour obtenir un plan optimum pour une nuage de points ====
{{parW|1=
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
import numpy as np
################################################################################
nbpts = 10 # nombre de points par axe
a = 5. # paramètres du plan
b = 3.
c = 2.
d = 10.
sigma = 0.1 # écart type
################################################################################
def planXyz(x, y, z,  A):
    return A[0]*x + A[1]*y + A[2]*z + A[3]
################################################################################
def lienarRegressionXyz(X,Y,Z):
    points = np.hstack(
            (
                X, Y, Z, np.ones_like(X) 
            ) 
        )
    resultat = np.linalg.lstsq(points, T)
    aopt, bopt, copt, dopt = resultat[0]
    erreur = resultat[1][0]/(nbpts*nbpts)
    return  aopt, bopt, copt, dopt,erreur 
################################################################################
x = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)
y = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)
z = np.linspace(0, 1, nbpts)

grilleX, grilleY, grilleZ = np.meshgrid(x, y, z)
################################################################################
X = grilleX.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
Y = grilleY.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
Z = grilleZ.flatten().reshape(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 1)
T = planXyz(X, Y, Z,  (a, b, c, d)) + sigma*np.random.randn(nbpts*nbpts*nbpts, 
                                                                            1)
################################################################################
a,b,c,d,e = lienarRegressionXyz(X,Y,Z)
print( 
    "a=%f b=%f c=%f d=%f χ²=%f" %( a,b,c,d,e ))
}}
}}
==== Filtre passe bas - exemple ====
{{parW|1=
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False)  # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5

class lpFilter:
    def __init__(self, fc, fe):
        self.fc = fc
        self.fe = fe
        self.τ = 1/fc
        self.Te = 1 / fe
        self.α = self.τ / (self.τ + self.Te)
    
    def filter(self, sig):
        yf_0 = sig[0] 
        yf_1 = yf_0
        yf = list()
        for y in sig:
            yf_0 = self.α * yf_1 + (1-self.α)* y 
            yf_1 = yf_0
            yf.append(yf_0)
        return yf

flp = lpFilter( 15, 1000 )
yf = flp.filter( sig )

plt.plot(t, yf, label='yf')
plt.plot(t, sig, label='sig')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
}}
{{fig|Exemple filttre linéaire|filtrePasseBasLineaireExample.png||512px}}

Utilisation de ellip :
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False)  # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5

sos = signal.ellip(8, 1, 100, 5, 'lowpass', fs=1000, output='sos')
filtered = signal.sosfilt(sos, sig)

plt.plot(t, filtered)
plt.plot(t, sig)
plt.show()
}}
{{fig|ellip exemple|filtrePasseBasEllipExample.png||512px}}

Diagramme des fréquences:
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

b, a = signal.ellip(4, 5, 40, 100, 'low', analog=True)
w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
 
plt.semilogx(w, 20 * np.log10(abs(h)))
 
plt.title('Elliptic filter frequency response (rp=5, rs=40)')
plt.xlabel('Frequency [radians / second]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
plt.axvline(100, color='green') # cutoff frequency
plt.axhline(-40, color='green') # rs
plt.axhline(-5, color='green') # rp
plt.show()
}}
{{fig|Diagramme des fréquences - ellip exemple|filtrePasseBasDiagrammeDesFrequences.png||512px}}
}}

==== Filtre passe haut - exemple ====
{{parW|1=

Utilisation de ellip :
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
from scipy import signal
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000, False)  # 1 second
sig = np.sin(2*np.pi*10*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*20*t)+1.5

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, sharex=True)
ax1.set_title('10 Hz and 20 Hz sinusoids')
ax1.axis([0, 1, -2, 3.5])
 
ax2.set_title('After 17 Hz high-pass filter')
ax2.axis([0, 1, -2, 2])
ax2.set_xlabel('Time [seconds]')
 
sos = signal.ellip(8, 1, 100, 17, 'hp', fs=1000, output='sos')
filtered = signal.sosfilt(sos, sig)
 
ax1.plot(t, sig)
ax2.plot(t, filtered)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
}}
}}

==== Fonction rapide d'interpolation linéaire - Functor ====
{{parW|1=[[Algorithmique#fastLinearInterpolationFunctionAsFonctor|algorithmique]]
}}

==== Adapter Rectangle Dans Zone ====
{{parW|1={{id|AdapterRectangleDansZone}}
* [[Pascal#AdapterRectangleDansZone|Version en Pascal]]
{{codeTr|lang=python|code=
def AdapterRectangleDansZone( zone_x,zone_y,zone_l,zone_h, rect_l, rect_h, rlimte ) :
  if (zone_h > 0 ) and (rect_h>0) :
      r1 = zone_l / zone_h
      r2 = rect_l / rect_h
      #print r1,r2
      if r1 >= r2 :
          if rlimte > 0 :
              r =  zone_h / rect_h
              if r > rlimte :
                  r = rlimte
                  hh = round( rect_h*r )
                  ll = round( rect_l*r )
                  newrect_y = zone_y  +( zone_h-hh ) / 2
                  newrect_h = hh
                  newrect_x = zone_x  + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
                  newrect_l = ll
              else :
                  hh = zone_h
                  ll = round( zone_h*r2 )
                  newrect_y = zone_y
                  newrect_h = hh
                  newrect_x = zone_x  + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
                  newrect_l = ll
          else :
            hh = zone_h
            ll = round( zone_h*r2 )
            newrect_y = zone_y
            newrect_h = hh
            newrect_x = zone_x  + (zone_l-ll) / 2
            newrect_l = ll
      else :
          if rlimte > 0 :
              r =  zone_l / rect_l
              if r > rlimte :
                  r = rlimte
                  hh = round( rect_h*r )
                  ll = round( rect_l*r )
                  newrect_y = zone_y  +( zone_h-hh ) / 2
                  newrect_h = hh
                  newrect_x = zone_x  + ( zone_l-ll ) / 2
                  newrect_l = ll
              else :
                  ll = zone_l
                  hh = round( ll/r2 )
                  newrect_x = zone_x
                  newrect_l = ll
                  newrect_y = zone_y  + ( zone_h-hh ) / 2
                  newrect_h = hh
          else :
              ll = zone_l
              hh = round( ll/r2 )
              newrect_x = zone_x
              newrect_l = ll
              newrect_y = zone_y  + ( zone_h-hh ) / 2
              newrect_h = hh
  else :
      newrect_x = zone_x
      newrect_l = 0
      newrect_y = zone_y
      newrect_h = 0

  return newrect_x,newrect_y,newrect_l,newrect_h
}}
}}

==== Fonction de comparaison pour les tri : sort ====
===== Avec python 2 =====
{{parW|1=
La comparaison suivante range dans l'ordre des valeurs croissantes:
{{code|lang=python|code=
def myCmp(pntA, pntB):
    rc = 0
    if pntA < pntB:
        rc = -1
    elif pntA > pntB:
        rc = 1
    return rc

vals = [ 1, 5, 6, 0, -15 ]
vals.sort(myCmp)
print vals
}}
ce qui donne :
{{code|lang=python|code=
[-15, 0, 1, 5, 6]
}}
}}
===== Avec Python 3 =====
{{parW|1=
Le tri se fait dans l'ordre croissant !

Pour les tuples ou listes imbriqués, tri sur l'indice n
{{code|lang=python|code=
myList = sorted(myList, key = lambda els: els[n])
}}

{{code|lang=python|code=
sprocketTeethPointList1.sort( key = lambda pnt: pnt.angle)
}}
ou
{{code|lang=python|code=
sprocketTeethPointList1 = sorted(sprocketTeethPointList1, 
                             key = lambda pnt: pnt.angle)

}}
ou
{{code|lang=python|code=
def angledPointKey(key ):
    return key.angle

sprocketTeethPointList1 = sorted(sprocketTeethPointList1, key = angledPointKey )
}}

ou 
{{code|lang=python|code=
def cmpIntAPy3( aa ):
    a = aa.serviceDate
    if a == None :
        a = aa.prototypeDate    
    return a

self.intAs = sorted(self.intAs, key = cmpIntAPy3 )
}}

}}

===== Avec Python 3 à la manière de Python 2=====
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
def angledPointClass( myCmpFunc ) :
    class K :
        def __init__(self, obj, *args):
            self.obj = obj
        def __lt__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) < 0
        def __gt__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) > 0
        def __eq__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) == 0
        def __le__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) <= 0
        def __ge__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) >= 0
        def __ne__(self, other):
            return myCmpFunc(self.obj, other.obj) != 0
    return K        

def angledPointCmp(pntA, pntB):
    rc = 0
    pntA = pntA.angle 
    pntB = pntB.angle
    if pntA < pntB:
        rc = -1
    elif pntA > pntB:
        rc = 1
    return rc   

sprocketTeethPointList1.sort( key=angledPointClass(angledPointCmp) )
}}
}}

== Clavier, Input device ==
=== get_char ===
{{parW|1=
voir {{m|curses.window.getch()}} pour une implémentation sous linux.
<source lang="python">
if os.name=="nt" :
    import msvcrt
    def get_char() :
        if msvcrt.kbhit() :
            return msvcrt.getch()
        else :
            return None
else :
    print "Error : No get_char()"
    exit(1)
</source>
}}
=== tell me Yes or No ===
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
def tellmeYesNo( msg ):
    encore = 1
    choices=['y', 'n', 'yes', 'no']
    schoices='/'.join( choices )
    rep=None
    while encore :
        rep=raw_input( msg+'(%s): ' % schoices ).lower()
        encore = not rep in choices
        if encore :
            print "Choices are : '%s'" %( schoices )
    return rep
</source>
}}
== Interface graphique ==
=== [[PyQt]] ===
=== Sous Windows sans console ou terminal  ===
==== ★★★ Méthode avec visual basic ====
{{parW|1=
* créer le fichier {{runNoTerminal.vbs}} avec le contenu :
{{code|lang=vb|code=
CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").Run "textFileNameTool.bat",0,True
}}
Et exécuter ce script en le double-cliquant ou en le lançant depuis une raccourcis. 
}}
==== Méthode dans le code avec suppression du terminal  ====
{{parW|1=
* Run Python script without Windows console appearing [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1689015/run-python-script-without-windows-console-appearing]
{{code|lang=python|code=
class myQtApp( QtWidgets.QMainWindow ):
    def show(self) :
        QtWidgets.QMainWindow.show( self )           
        ########################################################################
        hwnd = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow()      
        if hwnd != 0:  
            ctypes.windll.user32.ShowWindow(hwnd, 0)      
            ctypes.windll.kernel32.CloseHandle(hwnd)
            _, pid = win32process.GetWindowThreadProcessId(hwnd)
            os.system('taskkill /PID ' + str(pid) + ' /f')
        ########################################################################
# ...
def main():
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    myapp = myQtApp()
    myapp.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
}}
}}

== Exception et Erreurs ==
=== {{id|goodWay}}La bonne façon de gérer les exception pour un débogage ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re, os, sys
class CMyException( Exception ) :
    pass
def raiseCMyException( e, msg ) :
    raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
def f1() :    
        a = int( "1" )
        b = int( "1x" )                
def f2():
    try :
        f1()
    except Exception as e :
        # old raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)), None, info[2]             
        raise CMyException("\nMyInfo\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
def f3():
    f2()            
def f4():
    f3()        
try :
    f4()
except Exception as e :
    raise CMyException("\nMyInfo in main\n"+str(e)).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
}}
Ce qui donne :
{{code|lang="text"|code=
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exception.py", line 23, in <module>
    f4()
  File "exception.py", line 21, in f4
    f3()        
  File "exception.py", line 19, in f3
    f2()            
  File "exception.py", line 14, in f2
    f1()
  File "exception.py", line 11, in f1
    b = int( "1x" )                
__main__.CMyException: 
MyInfo in main

MyInfo
invalid literal for int() with base 10: '1x'
}} 
}}

=== error_in_function ===
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
def error_in_function( msg, niv=1 ):
    fonction_name  = sys._getframe(niv).f_code.co_name
    raise Exception( "Error : %s : %s" %( fonction_name, msg )  )
</source>
}}
=== param_isnot_set ===
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
def param_isnot_set( param, param_name ):
    if param == None :
        error_in_function( "%s is not set" % param_name, niv=2 )
</source>
}}
=== param_isnot_file ===
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
def param_isnot_file( pathfilename ):
    if not os.path.isfile( pathfilename ) :
        error_in_function( "'%s' is not a file" % pathfilename, niv=2 )
</source>
}}
=== param_isnot_dir ===
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
def param_isnot_dir( pathdirname ):
    if not os.path.isdir( pathdirname ) :
        error_in_function( "'%s' is not a dir" % pathdirname, niv=2 )
</source>
}}

== Fichiers et répertoires ==
=== Obtenir le contenu d'un répertoire à la manière de Linux ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
import glob
for path in glob.glob("/home/C07138/.*")+glob.glob( "/home/C07138/*" ) : 
    print path
}}
}}
=== Liste des répertoires ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ISO8859-1 -*-
import os, sys, re

def tofile( filename, text ) :
    f = open(filename, "w")
    f.write(text)
    f.close()

if __name__ == '__main__' :    
    fs0 = os.listdir('.')
    fs=list()
    for x in fs0 :
        fs.append(x.lower())
    
    fs.sort()
    s=''
    for x in fs :
        if os.path.isdir( x ) :
            s+=x.lower()+" "
    tofile( 'dir_list.txt', s ) 
}}
}}
=== Personnaliser "file object" ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
class myFileObject :
    def __init__( self, filename, mode="r" ) :
        self.f = open(filename,mode)

    def close(self) :
        return self.f.close()

    def read( self ) :
        txt = self.f.read().replace('\n\r','\n').replace('\r\n','\n').replace('\r','\n')
        return txt

    def write( self, txt ) :
        #txt = txt.replace('\n','\r')
        return self.f.write( txt )

def omypen( filename, mode="r" ) :
    return myFileObject( filename, mode )
}}
}}
=== Lire un fichier ligne par ligne ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
import codecs
ENCODING = "UTF-8"
with codecs.open(param.csvFileName, "r", ENCODING) as csvSrc:
    with codecs.open(csvDstName, "w", ENCODING) as csvDst:
        lineNumber = 0
        for line in csvSrc:
            line = line.replace("\n","").replace("\r","")
            lineNumber += 1
}}
}}
=== tofile fromfile ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
import codecs
ENCODING = "UTF-8"
def toTextFile(filename, text):
    with codecs.open(filename, "w", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
        fileDesc.write(text)

def fromTextFile(filename):
    text = None
    with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
        text = fileDesc.read()
    return text


def fromTextFileWin(filename):
    text = None
    try : 
        with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING) as fileDesc:
            text = fileDesc.read()
    except Exception as e :
        print("Warning %s" % e)
        print("try %s" % ENCODING2)
        with codecs.open(filename, "r", ENCODING2) as fileDesc:
            text = fileDesc.read()
    return text


}}
}}

=== Lire des fichiers ini ===

{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************
# Author:   Arthur TOROSSIAN
# Date:    30.10.2017
#***********************************************************/
import configparser
ABSTRACT_MSG = "call of abstract method"
################################################################################
class CIniFileError(Exception):
    """\
    the main exception class of the module
    """
    pass

def str2bool(v):
    v = v.strip().lower()
    if not v in ["true", "false", "vrai", "faux"]:
        raise CIniFileError("v='%s' is not a valid boolean" % v)
    return (v in ["true", "vrai"])

################################################################################
# CIniParam in order to read ini files
################################################################################
class CIniParam:
    ############################################################################
    def __init__(self):
        self.fileName = None
        self.config = None
        self._currentSection = None
    ############################################################################
    def loadParam(self, fileName):
        self.fileName = fileName
        self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()
        self.config.read(fileName)
        self.getParamFromConfig()

    def getParamFromConfig(self):
        """\
        (API) abstract required API method
        Check all options and attributes validity.
        """
        raise CIniFileError(ABSTRACT_MSG)

    def checkVersion(self, formatSection, v01, v02, v03):
        self.setCurrentSection(formatSection)
        v1 = self.getInt("v1")
        v2 = self.getInt("v2")
        v3 = self.getInt("v3")
        if v1 != v01 :
            errMsg = """

ERROR the file named '%s', in section named '%s', has no the right file format
version. The version must be %d.x.x and the current version is %d.%d.%d
""" % (self.fileName, formatSection, v01, v1, v2, v3)
            raise CIniFileError(errMsg)

    def hasTheSection(self):
        return self.config.has_section(self._currentSection)

    def hasOption(self, optionName):
        return self.config.has_option(self._currentSection, optionName)
    ############################################################################
    def setCurrentSection(self, currentSection):
        self._currentSection = currentSection
        if not self.hasTheSection():
            errMsg = """

ERROR the file named '%s', has no section named '%s'
""" % (
                    self.fileName, self._currentSection)
            raise CIniFileError(errMsg)


    def getFloat(self, varName):
        val = self.loadParamFloat(self._currentSection, varName)
        return val

    def getFloatList(self, varName):
        valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
        newVal = list()
        for sf in valList :
            newVal.append(float(sf))
        return newVal

    def getFloatOrNoneList(self, varName):
        valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
        newVal = list()
        for sf in valList :
            if sf == None :
                newVal.append(sf)
            else:
                newVal.append(float(sf))
        return newVal

    def getStrList(self, varName):
        valList = eval(self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName))
        newVal = list()
        for sf in valList :
            newVal.append(sf)
        return newVal

    def getInt(self, varName):
        val = self.loadParamInt(self._currentSection, varName)
        return val

    def getBool(self, varName):
        val = self.loadParamBool(self._currentSection, varName)
        return val

    def getStr(self, varName):
        val = self.loadParamStr(self._currentSection, varName)
        return val

    ############################################################################
    def checkNoParam(self, paramName):
        if not self.hasOption(paramName):
            errMsg = """

ERROR the file named '%s', in section named '%s', has no parameter named '%s'
""" % (self.fileName, self._currentSection, paramName)
            raise CIniFileError(errMsg)

    def loadParamFloat(self, sectionName, varName):
        self.checkNoParam(varName)
        xs = self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0]
        x = float(eval(xs))
        return x

    def loadParamInt(self, sectionName, varName):
        self.checkNoParam(varName)
        x = int(self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0])
        return x

    def loadParamBool(self, sectionName, varName):
        self.checkNoParam(varName)
        dat = self.config.get(sectionName, varName)
        x = str2bool(dat.split("#")[0])
        return x

    def loadParamStr(self, sectionName, varName):
        self.checkNoParam(varName)
        x = self.config.get(sectionName, varName).split("#")[0]
        return x
}}
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
class CParams(CIniParam) :
    def getParamFromConfig(pm):
        pm.setCurrentSection("param")
        pm.tMax = pm.getFloat("p1")
}}
}}
=== fichiers temporaires, tmp, temp ===

{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
tmp_file=tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile( delete=False )
tmp_file.close()
print tmp_file.name
print os.path.exists(tmp_file.name)
tgzs=fromfile( tmp_file.name )
s.unlink(tmp_file.name)
print os.path.exists(tmp_file.name)
}}
}}

=== Lire et écrire des binaires (endianness; little-endian et big-endian) dans des fichiers ===
{{parW|1=
On utilise le module {{m|struct}} avec les méthodes {{m|unpack}} et {{m|pack}} :
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def scanDatFile( fileName, fileDestinationName, endianness='<', ee1WaterDeep=5, ee1LandHeight=10 ) :
    bs = os.path.getsize( fileName ) 
    fsize = 0    
    fic = open( fileName , 'rb')
    ficDest = open( fileDestinationName , 'wb')
    # < little-endian BYTEORDER LSBFIRST
    # > big-endian
    # h short integer 2 bytes 
    fmt = "%sh" % endianness
    min = 60000
    max = -60000
    noval=-32768
    while fsize < bs :
        fsize += 2
        tmp = fic.read( struct.calcsize(fmt) )
        val, = struct.unpack( fmt , tmp  )    
        valBin = struct.pack( fmt , func.hcorection( val )  )   
        ficDest.write( valBin )        
        #print val
        if val != noval :
            if val < min :
                min = val
            if val > max :
                max = val
    print min, max
    ee1 = ee1WaterDeep + ee1LandHeight
    map = float(max-min+1)
    ee2map = map / ee1
    ee1WaterDeep = round( min/ee2map )
    ee1LandHeight = round( max/ee2map )
    print "Water Deep:%s Land height: %s" %( round( min/ee2map ), round( max/ee2map )  )
    print "Water Cutoff:%s Land Cutoff: %s" %( round( ee1WaterDeep*ee2map ), round( ee1LandHeight*ee2map )  )
    ficDest.close()
    fic.close()
}}
}}
=== Lire et écrire des fichiers netCDF ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
}}
* Read and Write netCDF Files
*: https://pythonhosted.org/landlab/landlab.io.netcdf.html
}}

=== Copier les dates d'un fichier à un autre ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
st=os.stat( file1 )
os.utime( file2, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime) )
}}
}}
=== trace ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def get_datetime_str():
    return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S",time.localtime())

trace_file_name="trace.txt"
def trace( msg, init=0 ) :
    filename = trace_file_name
    if (os.path.exists( filename ) and (init==0) ):
        f = open( filename, "a"  )
    else :
        f = open( filename, "w"  )
    f.write( "%s %s\n" % (get_datetime_str(),msg) )
    f.close()
trace( "INIT", init=1 )
}}
}}
=== get_NewFileName ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def get_NewFileName( name, Index=1 ) :
    newname = name    
    name, ext = os.path.splitext( newname  )
    while os.path.exists( newname ) :        
        newname = name + ("%03d" % Index) + ext
        Index += 1
    return newname, Index
}}
}}
=== get_NewDictName ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
patName = re.compile("^(.*?)(\d*)$")
def normName( name  ) :
    nname, ni = patName.findall( name )[0]
    if ni != "" :
        i = int( ni )
        newname = nname + ("%03d" % i)

    else :
        newname = name
    return newname

def normDictNames( namedict ) :
    newD = dict()
    for name, val in namedict.items() :
        newname = normName( name  )
        newD[ newname ] = val
    return newD

def get_NewDictName( name, namedict, Index=1 ) :
    newname = name
    name, i = patName.findall( newname )[0]
    while newname in namedict :
        newname = name + ("%03d" % Index)
        Index += 1
    return newname, Index
}}
utilisation possible  :
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
dd0 = {"otto":1,"toto3":2, "toto02":4, "tata":5, "toto" :1 }
print dd0
dd = normDictNames( dd0 )
print dd
name, index = get_NewDictName( "toto", dd  )
dd[name] = 30
print name, index, dd
name, index = get_NewDictName( "toto", dd  )
dd[name] = 15
print name, index, dd
}}

{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
{'tata': 5, 'toto': 1, 'toto02': 4, 'toto3': 2, 'otto': 1}
{'toto': 1, 'tata': 5, 'toto002': 4, 'toto003': 2, 'otto': 1}
toto001 2 {'toto003': 2, 'tata': 5, 'toto': 1, 'toto002': 4, 'toto001': 30, 'otto': 1}
toto004 5 {'toto003': 2, 'tata': 5, 'toto004': 15, 'toto': 1, 'toto002': 4, 'toto001': 30, 'otto': 1}
}}
}}
=== path_split ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def path_split( pathnameext ):
    path, name = os.path.split( pathnameext )
    name , ext = os.path.splitext( name )
    return (path, name, ext,)
}}
}}
=== change_path_and_suffix ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def change_path_and_suffix(  pathnameext, newpath, suffix ) :
    path, nameext = os.path.split( pathnameext )
    name, ext = os.path.splitext( nameext )
    return newpath + os.sep + name+suffix+ext
}}
}}
=== change_path_and_ext ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def change_path_and_ext(  pathnameext, newpath, ext ) :
    path, nameext = os.path.split( pathnameext )
    name, ext0 = os.path.splitext( nameext )
    return newpath + os.sep + name+ext
}}
}}
=== Get list of files ===
{{parW|1=
Simple :
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def findFilesInDirectorFromPattern( path, pat ) :
    flist = list() 
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    for x in fs :
        file_path = path+os.sep+x 
        if os.path.isfile( file_path  ) :
            if pat.match( x ) :
                flist.append( file_path  )
    return flist     
}}

Évoluée :
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def find( flist, path, file_pattern,  subdir, file_exclude_pattern=None, dir_exclude_pattern=None ) :
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    for x in fs :
        file_path = path+os.sep+x
 
        if os.path.isfile( file_path  ) :
            ok=1
            if file_exclude_pattern != None :
                ok = not file_exclude_pattern.match( x )
            if ok and file_pattern.match( x ) :
                print x
                flist.append( file_path  )
 
        if os.path.isdir( file_path  ) :
            if subdir :
                ok = 1
                if dir_exclude_pattern != None :
                    ok= not dir_exclude_pattern.match( x )
                if ok :
                    find( flist, file_path, file_pattern,  subdir, file_exclude_pattern, dir_exclude_pattern)
}}
}}
=== Générer une fichier html à partir d'une liste de fichiers sur disques gen_list_html ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python
import re
import os
def gen_list_html( path, file_pattern_txt ) :
    file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    fs.sort()
    print "<html><body><ol>"
    for x in fs :
        file_path = path+os.sep+x
        if os.path.isfile( file_path  ) :
            if file_pattern.match( x ) :
                print "<li><a href='%s'>%s</a></li>" %(x,x)

    print "</ol></body></html>"
if __name__ == '__main__' :
    gen_list_html( ".", ".*\.avi$" )
}}
}}
=== Générer une fichier html à partir d'une liste d'images/photo sur disques ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re, codecs, time, shutil


srcPath = "."
fl = os.listdir(srcPath)
sorted(fl)

f = codecs.open("index.html", "w", encoding = "UTF-8")

f.write("<html style='background-color:#a0a0a0;margin:auto;'>\n")

f.write("""<body 
style='width:210mm;margin:auto;padding:5mm;background-color:#ffffff;'>
<style type="text/css">
p.p {
width:180mm;background-color:#ffffff;margin:auto;
}
td.g {
width:30mm; vertical-align:middle;
}
td.d {
width:150mm; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;
}
img{
width:28mm;
}
</style>
<p class="p">
<table align=center>
""")

for img in fl :
    name, ext = os.path.splitext(img)
    print(name.lower())
    if ext.lower() == ".jpg" :
        f.write("""\
<tr>
    <td class='g'> <img src='%s'> </td>
    <td class='d'> TODO </td>
</tr>
""" % img)

f.write("""
</table>
</p>
</body>
""")
f.write("</html>\n")

f.close()
}}
}}

=== gen m3u - liste de mp3 - player list ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
import re
import os
import codecs
encoding = "latin1"
 
def tofile( filename, text ) :
    f = codecs.open(filename, "w", encoding)
    f.write(text)
    f.close()
    
def gen_list( path, file_pattern_txt ) :
    file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    fs.sort()
    m3u=u""
    
    for x in fs :
        file_path = path+os.sep+x
        if os.path.isfile( file_path  ) :
            if file_pattern.match( x ) :
                m3u +=  u"%s\r\n" %(x)
    tofile( "arno.m3u" , m3u )
 
if __name__ == '__main__' :
    gen_list( u".", u".*\.mp3$" )
}}
}}
=== gen m3u8 - liste de mp3 - player list ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import re,os, codecs
encoding = "UTF8"

def tofile( filename, text ) :
    f = codecs.open(filename, "w", encoding)
    f.write(text)
    f.close()
    
def gen_list( path, file_pattern, level=1 ) :
    # file_pattern = re.compile( file_pattern_txt )
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    fs.sort()
    m3u=u""    
    for x in fs :
        file_path = path+os.sep+x
        if os.path.isfile( file_path  ) :
            if file_pattern.match( x ) :
                m3u +=  u"%s\r\n" %(file_path)                
        if os.path.isdir( file_path  ) : 
            m3u +=  gen_list( file_path, file_pattern, level=level+1 )            
    if level == 1 :        
        tofile( "all.m3u8" , m3u )        
    return m3u
 
if __name__ == '__main__' :
    gen_list( u".", re.compile( u".*\.mp3$") )
}}
}}
=== genNewNames  ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import os, sys, re, random

def get_NewFileName( name, Index=1 ) :
    newname = name    
    name, ext = os.path.splitext( newname  )
    while os.path.exists( newname ) :        
        newname = name + ("%03d" % Index) + ext
        Index += 1
    return newname, Index

def genNewNames( path ) :
    index=1
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    nb = len(fs)
    num = 0
    while nb > 0 :
        i = random.randint(0, nb-1 )
        nname = path+os.sep+fs[i]
        del fs[i]
        if os.path.isfile( nname ) :
            nname0, ext = os.path.splitext(nname)
            pname, nname0 = os.path.split(nname)
            rname = pname + os.sep+"im%05d%s" % (num,ext)
            print "  ",nname, rname
            rname, index = get_NewFileName( rname, index )
            os.rename( nname , rname )        
        num += 1
        nb -= 1
        
def genNewNamesInSubDirs( path ) :    
    fs = os.listdir(path)
    for ff in fs :
        pathff = path+os.sep+ff
        print "[%s]" % pathff
        if os.path.isdir( pathff ) :
            genNewNames( pathff )
if __name__ == u'__main__' :    
    genNewNamesInSubDirs( "./Images/listes")   
    genNewNames( "./Images/listeAll" )
}}
}}
=== unix2dos ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python
###############
import sys

for fname in sys.argv[1:]:
    infile = open( fname, "rb" )
    instr = infile.read()
    infile.close()
    outstr = instr.replace( "\r\n", "\n" ).replace( "\n\r", "\n" ).replace( "\r", "\n" ).replace( "\n", "\r\n" )

    if len(outstr) == len(instr):
        continue
    
    outfile = open( fname, "wb" )
    outfile.write( outstr )
    outfile.close()
}}
}}
=== clean_rep.py ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
import os
import re
pat_adir = re.compile( "\d{4}" )
pat_mdir = re.compile( "\d{4}-\d{2}" )
def clean_dirs() :
    """
    Delete empty directories with name like AAAA/AAAA-MM or AAAA.
    """
    adirs = os.listdir(".")
    for adir in adirs :
        if pat_adir.match( adir ) :
            mdirs = os.listdir(adir)
            for mdir in mdirs :
                if pat_mdir.match( mdir ) :
                    files = os.listdir( adir+os.sep+mdir )
                    if len(files)==0 :
                        os.rmdir( adir+os.sep+mdir )
            mdirs = os.listdir(adir)
            if len( mdirs )==0 :
                os.rmdir( adir )

if __name__ == '__main__' :
    clean_dirs()
}}
}}
=== gen_rep.py ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-

import os

def gen_dirs() :
    """
    Generate directory with name like AAAA/AAAA-MM if it does not exist.
    """
    for an in range(2000,2012) :
        dir_a = "%04d" %(an)
        if not os.path.exists( dir_a ) :
            os.mkdir( dir_a )
        for m in range(1,13) :
            dir_name = "%s%s%04d-%02d" %(dir_a,os.sep,an,m)
            print dir_name
            if not os.path.exists( dir_name ) :
                os.mkdir( dir_name )

if __name__ == '__main__' :
    gen_dirs()
}}
}}
=== size_on_system ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def size_on_system( sf, sector_size ):
    if sector_size != None :
        s=0
        ns = sf % sector_size
        if ns == 0 :
            s = sf
        else :
            s = (sf / sector_size) * sector_size  + sector_size
    else :
      s=sf
    return s
}}
}}
=== size_of_dir ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def size_of_dir( path, sector_size=None  ):
    fs = os.listdir( path )
    s=0
    for f in fs :
        pf = path+os.sep+f
        if os.path.isfile( pf ) :
            statinfo = os.stat( pf )
            s+= size_on_system( statinfo.st_size, sector_size )
        if os.path.isdir( pf ) :
            s+=size_of_dir( pf,sector_size  )
    return s
}}
}}
=== sizeOfFile ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def sizeOfFile( pathToFile ):
    size = None
    if os.path.isfile( pathToFile ) :
        statinfo = os.stat( pathToFile )
        size = statinfo.st_size
    return size
}}
}}
=== have_subdir ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=80|lang="python"|code=
def have_subdir( path ) :
    ok = 0
    fs = os.listdir( path )
    nb = len( fs )
    i = 0
    while (i < nb) and (ok==0) :
        pathx = path + os.sep + fs[ i ]
        if os.path.isdir( pathx ) :
            ok = 1
        i += 1
    return ok
}}
}}

== Compte utilisateur ==
=== get_username ===
<source lang="python">
def get_username():
    return getpass.getuser()
</source>

=== get_hostname ===
<source lang="python">
def get_hostname():
    return socket.gethostbyaddr(socket.gethostname())[0]
</source>

=== get_homedir ===
<source lang="python">
def get_homedir():
    homedir = os.path.expanduser('~')
    return homedir
</source>

== Réseau, Internet ==
=== fromurl ===
<source lang="python">
def fromurl( cmd ) :
    encore = 1
    while encore :
        try :    
            f = urllib.urlopen( cmd )
            rep = f.read()
            f.close()
            encore = 0
        except Exception,e :
            #print str(e)
            encore = 1
            
    return rep
</source>
* [http://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/ urrlib2 opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method) (Python recipe)]
* [http://e1ven.com/2011/04/06/how-to-use-m2crypto-tutorial/ How to use m2crypto]

=== socket.setdefaulttimeout ===
<source lang="python">
    timeout = 10
    socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
    text = urllib2.urlopen('http://at.bht.fr').read()
    print( text )
</source>

=== HTTPBasicAuthHandler ===
<source lang="python">
    auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
    auth_handler.add_password(
                          realm='My Application',
                          uri='',
                          user='',
                          passwd=''
                          )
    opener = urllib2.build_opener( auth_handler )
    # ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
    urllib2.install_opener( opener )    
    text = urllib2.urlopen('https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim').read()
    print( text )
</source>

=== ProxyBasicAuthHandler ===
<source lang="python">
    proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/','https': 'https://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/'})
    proxy_auth_handler = urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler()
    proxy_auth_handler.add_password('realm', 'proxypac.edf.fr', '', '')
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler, proxy_auth_handler)    
    # ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
    urllib2.install_opener(opener)    
    text = urllib2.urlopen('http://at.bht.fr').read()
    print( text )
</source>

=== ProxyBasicAuthHandler ===
<source lang="python">
    proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({'http': 'http://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/','https': 'https://proxypac.edf.fr:3128/'})
    proxy_auth_handler = urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler()
    proxy_auth_handler.add_password('realm', 'proxypac.edf.fr', '', '')
    auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
    auth_handler.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
                          uri='https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim',
                          user='',
                          passwd='')
    
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler, proxy_auth_handler,auth_handler)    
    # ...and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen.
    urllib2.install_opener(opener)    
    text = urllib2.urlopen('https://at.bht.fr/DisEvtSim').read()
    print( text )
</source>

=== https sans authentification ===
<source lang="python">
    timeout = 10
    socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)    
    text = urllib2.urlopen('https://www.google.fr').read()
    print( text )
</source>

== {{id|id_regex}}Expressions régulières ==
{{parW|1=
* voir plus généralement [[Expressions régulières]]
}}
=== Never match ===
<source lang="python">
class CNeverMatch :
    def match( self, f ) :
        return 0
</source>
=== Allways match ===
<source lang="python">
class CAllwaysMatch :
    def match( self, f ) :
        return 1
</source>

=== Remplacer avec sub : replace_re.py ===
Un petit programme complet très utile pour traiter les fichiers (utilisation de {{m|sub}})
<source lang="python">
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: 'ISO8859-1' -*-
import os, sys, re

def fromfile( filename ) :
    f = open(filename, "r")
    text = f.read()
    f.close()
    return text

def replace_re( exp, remplacant, txt ) :
    pat=re.compile( exp )
    newtxt= re.sub( pat, remplacant, txt) 
    return newtxt

def replace_re_file( exp, remplacant, filename ) :
    txt = fromfile( filename )
    return replace_re( exp, remplacant, txt ) 

def help() :
    print "HELP"
    print "\treplace_re.py expression_reguliere remplacant filename1 "

if __name__ == '__main__' :    
    if len( sys.argv  ) == 4 :
        txt = replace_re_file( sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2], sys.argv[3] )
        print txt
    else :
        help()
</source>

=== findall et sub ===
Le code suivant remplace dans les lignes d'un fichier telles que

<source lang="xml">
<td style="cursor:pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1px solid #CCC;">&nbsp;</a></td>
</source>

toutes le chaines {{m|&amp;nbsp;}} par le calcul des couleurs qui se trouvent dans {{m|rgb(XXX, XXX, XXX)}}, cela donne dans notre cas :
<source lang="xml">
<td style="cursor:pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); border: 1px solid #CCC;" >#ffff99</td>
</source>

<source lang="python">
def rgb( r,v,b ) :
    return "#%02x%02x%02x" %(r,v,b)

def dd( filename ) :
    pattern=re.compile(".*(rgb\(\d+, *\d+, *\d+\));.*")
    pat = re.compile( "&nbsp;" )
    txt = fromfile( filename ).split("\n")
    newtxt=""
    for l in txt :
        tr=re.findall( pattern, l) 
        if len(tr)>0 :
            code=eval(tr[0])
            newl= re.sub( pat, code, l)
        else :
            newl=l
        print newl
        newtxt+=newl
</source>

== Les conversions ==
=== {{id|roundToSignificantDigitNumber}}Limiter le nombre de chiffres significatifs ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
def roundToSignificantDigitNumber( x , nbDigit ):
    if x != 0.0 :
        ten = round(math.log10(x))
        tenFac = 10 ** ten
        x = round(x / tenFac,  nbDigit-1)
        x = x * tenFac
    return x   
}}
}}

=== Convertir les None en nan ===
{{parW|1=
On utilise les liste en compréhension :
{{code|lang=python|code=
a = ( None, 1.2, -4 )
b = [ x  if x is not None else float("nan") for x in a ]
}}
on obtient:
{{code|lang=text|code=
[nan, 1.2, -4]
}}
}}

=== hexadécimal ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
def hextoint( x ):
    return int(x,16)
def inttohex( x ):
    return hex(x)
}}
}}
=== binaire ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
a= "{0:08b}".format( a )
}}
ou
{{code|lang=python|code=
def bintoint( x ):
    return int(x,2)

def inttobin( x ):
    return bin(x)
}}

}}

=== Couleur vers int (alpha, red, green, blue) ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
def argbToInt( a, r, g, b ):
    st=struct.pack(">BBBB", a, r, g, b )
    i= struct.unpack(">I", st)[0] 
    return i 
}}
{{code|lang=python|code=
def intToArgb( i ):
    print i
    st=struct.pack(">I", i ) 
    return struct.unpack(">BBBB", st)
}}
}}

== Formatage de texte ==
=== Le principe de la méthode {{mm|.format}} ===
{{parW|1=
Un exemple pour comprendre rapidement :
{{code|lang=python|code=
"{name1:1.2f} bla bla {name2:02d} {name1:f}".format(name1=3.14, name2=456)
}}
Ce qui produit :
{{code|lang=text|code=
'3.14 bla bla 456 3.140000'
}}
}}

== Les dates ==
=== get_datetime_str ===
<source lang="python">
def get_datetime_str():
    return time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S",time.localtime())
</source>

<source lang="python">
def get_date_year( date ):
    return time.strftime("%Y",date)

def get_date_month( date ):
    return time.strftime("%m",date)

def get_date_day( date ):
    return time.strftime("%d",date)
</source>

=== date_str2date_float ===
<source lang="python">
def date_str2float( sdate ):
    ds = time.strptime( sdate,"%d/%m/%Y"  )
    d = time.mktime( ds )
    return d
</source>

=== date_float2date_str ===
<source lang="python">
def date_float2date_str( d ):
    ds = time.strftime("%d/%m/%Y", time.gmtime(d) )
    return ds
</source>

=== date_float_add_days ===
<source lang="python">
def date_float_add_days( d, nb ):
    nd = d + 3600*24*nb
    return nd
</source>
=== time2str str2time getAcTimeOfFile timeToFile fileToTime ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
timeForat = "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S"
def time2str( t=None ):
    st = time.localtime( t )
    return time.strftime( timeForat , st )
def str2time( text ) :
    st = time.strptime( dT, timeForat )
    return time.mktime( st )
def getAcTimeOfFile( filename ):
    infoStat = os.stat( filename )
    st = time.localtime( infoStat.st_atime )
    t = time.mktime( st )
    return t
def timeToFile( filename, t ):
    dT = time2str( t )
    tofile( filename, dT )
def fileToTime( filename ):
    dt = fromfile( filename )
}}
}}

== Physique ==
=== Nombre de chiffres significatifs  ===
{{parW|1=
voir [[#roundToSignificantDigitNumber|Comment limiter le nombre de chiffres significatifs]].
}}
=== Rationnels et calculs symboliques / formels ===
{{parW|1=
* [http://docs.sympy.org/latest/tutorial/intro.html#what-is-symbolic-computation What is Symbolic Computation?] 
* [https://github.com/sympy/sympy/wiki/Number-Theory-in-SymPy Number Theory in SymPy]
* [https://github.com/sympy sympy]
* [http://mpmath.org/ mpmath]
* [http://mpmath.org/doc/current/ Welcome to mpmath’s documentation!]
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
from sympy import Rational
a = Rational(2,3)
print(a)
b = Rational(4,3)
print(a+b)

a=Rational(2*3*5*7*7,2*7*31)
print(a)

sympy.factorint(105)
a = 2*3*5*7*7
b= 2*7*31
sympy.factorint(a)
sympy.factorint(b)
pgcd = sympy.gcd(a,b)
print(pgcd)

aa= a / pgcd
bb= b / pgcd
sympy.factorint(aa)
sympy.factorint(bb)
}}

{{code|colNb=70|lang=text|code=
2/3

2

105
───
 31

{3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 1}
{2: 1, 3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 2}
{2: 1, 7: 1, 31: 1}

14

{3: 1, 5: 1, 7: 1}
{31: 1}
}}

{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
from sympy import symbol
from sympy import symbols
x = symbols("x")
sympy.init_printing(use_unicode=True)
sympy.integrate(sympy.sin(x**2), x)
sympy.integrate(sympy.sin(x**2), (x,-sympy.oo,sympy.oo))
}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=text|code=
Intégrale :

                ⎛√2⋅x⎞       
3⋅√2⋅√π⋅fresnels⎜────⎟⋅Γ(3/4)
                ⎝ √π ⎠       
─────────────────────────────
           8⋅Γ(7/4)          

√2⋅√π
─────
  2  
}}
}}

=== Unités ===
{{parW|1=
* Voir [http://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/physics/units/quantities.html]
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
from sympy.physics.units import *
a = 254 * m / s
b =  convert_to(a, [minute])
print(b)
find_unit(kg)
}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=text|code=
15240*meter/minute

[g, kg, mg, ug, amu, mmu, amus, gram, mmus, grams, pound, pounds, 
kilogram, kilograms, microgram, milligram, micrograms, milligrams, 
planck_mass, milli_mass_unit, atomic_mass_unit, atomic_mass_constant]
}}
}}
==== Listes des unités ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
# Dimensionless

percent = percents = Rational(1, 100)
permille = permille = Rational(1, 1000)

ten = Rational(10)

yotta = ten**24
zetta = ten**21
exa = ten**18
peta = ten**15
tera = ten**12
giga = ten**9
mega = ten**6
kilo = ten**3
deca = ten**1
deci = ten**-1
centi = ten**-2
milli = ten**-3
micro = ten**-6
nano = ten**-9
pico = ten**-12
femto = ten**-15
atto = ten**-18
zepto = ten**-21
yocto = ten**-24

rad = radian = radians = 1
deg = degree = degrees = pi/180
sr = steradian = steradians = 1

# Base units

length = m = meter = meters = Unit('meter', 'm')
mass = kg = kilogram = kilograms = Unit('kilogram', 'kg')
time = s = second = seconds = Unit('second', 's')
current = A = ampere = amperes = Unit('ampere', 'A')
temperature = K = kelvin = kelvins = Unit('kelvin', 'K')
amount = mol = mole = moles = Unit('mole', 'mol')
luminosity = cd = candela = candelas = Unit('candela', 'cd')


# Derived units
volume = meter**3
frequency = Hz = hz = hertz = 1/s
force = N = newton = newtons = m*kg/s**2
energy = J = joule = joules = N*m
power = W = watt = watts = J/s
pressure = Pa = pa = pascal = pascals = N/m**2
charge = C = coulomb = coulombs = s*A
voltage = v = V = volt = volts = W/A
resistance = ohm = ohms = V/A
conductance = S = siemens = mho = mhos = A/V
capacitance = F = farad = farads = C/V
magnetic_flux = Wb = wb = weber = webers = J/A
magnetic_flux_density = T = tesla = teslas = V*s/m**2
inductance = H = henry = henrys = V*s/A
speed = m/s
acceleration = m/s**2
density = kg/m**3
optical_power = dioptre = D = 1/m
illuminance = lux = lx = sr*cd/m**2

# Common length units

km = kilometer = kilometers = kilo*m
dm = decimeter = decimeters = deci*m
cm = centimeter = centimeters = centi*m
mm = millimeter = millimeters = milli*m
um = micrometer = micrometers = micron = microns = micro*m
nm = nanometer = nanometers = nano*m
pm = picometer = picometers = pico*m

ft = foot = feet = Rational('0.3048')*m
inch = inches = Rational('25.4')*mm
yd = yard = yards = 3*ft
mi = mile = miles = 5280*ft


# Common volume and area units

l = liter = liters = m**3 / 1000
dl = deciliter = deciliters = deci*l
cl = centiliter = centiliters = centi*l
ml = milliliter = milliliters = milli*l


# Common time units

ms = millisecond = milliseconds = milli*s
us = microsecond = microseconds = micro*s
ns = nanosecond = nanoseconds = nano*s
ps = picosecond = picoseconds = pico*s

minute = minutes = 60*s
h = hour = hours = 60*minute
day = days = 24*hour

anomalistic_year = anomalistic_years = Rational('365.259636')*day
sidereal_year = sidereal_years = Rational('31558149.540')*s
tropical_year = tropical_years = Rational('365.24219')*day
common_year = common_years = Rational('365')*day
julian_year = julian_years = Rational('365.25')*day
draconic_year = draconic_years = Rational('346.62')*day
gaussian_year = gaussian_years = Rational('365.2568983')*day
full_moon_cycle = full_moon_cycles = Rational('411.78443029')*day

year = years = tropical_year


# Common mass units

g = gram = grams = kilogram / kilo
mg = milligram = milligrams = milli * g
ug = microgram = micrograms = micro * g


#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Physical constants
#
c = speed_of_light = 299792458 * m/s
G = gravitational_constant = Rational('6.67428') * ten**-11 * m**3 / kg / s**2
u0 = magnetic_constant = 4*pi * ten**-7 * N/A**2
e0 = electric_constant = 1/(u0 * c**2)
Z0 = vacuum_impedance = u0 * c

planck = Rational('6.62606896') * ten**-34 * J*s
hbar = planck / (2*pi)

avogadro_number = Rational('6.02214179') * 10**23
avogadro = avogadro_constant = avogadro_number / mol
boltzmann = Rational('1.3806505') * ten**-23 * J / K

gee = gees = Rational('9.80665') * m/s**2
atmosphere = atmospheres = atm = 101325 * pascal

kPa = kilo*Pa
bar = bars = 100*kPa
pound = pounds = 0.45359237 * kg * gee  # exact
psi = pound / inch ** 2
dHg0 = 13.5951  # approx value at 0 C
mmHg = dHg0 * 9.80665 * Pa
amu = amus = gram / avogadro / mol
mmu = mmus = gram / mol
quart = quarts = Rational(231, 4) * inch**3
eV = 1.602176487e-19 * J

# Other convenient units and magnitudes

ly = lightyear = lightyears = c*julian_year
au = astronomical_unit = astronomical_units = 149597870691*m
}}
}}

== Math ==
=== Équation de second degré  ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
def secondDegreeEquation(a,b,c):
    # a*x*x + b*y + c = 0
    x1 = None
    x2 = None
    det = b*b - 4 * a * c
    if det>= 0.0 :
        sqDet = math.sqrt(det)
        a2 = a * 2.0
        x1 = (-b - sqDet ) / a2 
        x2 = (-b + sqDet ) / a2
    return x1, x2
}}
}}
=== Régression linéaire  ===
{{parW|1=
source [https://www.science-emergence.com/Articles/R%C3%A9gression-lin%C3%A9aire-simple-avec-python/ www.science-emergence.com]
{{figc|Régression linéaire|linearRegressionInPython.png}}
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
from sklearn import linear_model
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x,y = np.loadtxt("test.txt", unpack='true')

plt.scatter(x,y)

regr = linear_model.LinearRegression()
regr.fit(x[:,np.newaxis], y)

x_test = np.linspace(np.min(x), np.max(x), 100)

plt.plot(x_test, regr.predict(x_test[:,np.newaxis]), color='blue', linewidth=3)

plt.show()
}}
Pour obtenir le coefficient directeur et l'ordonnée à l'origine de la droite:
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
print 'slope', regr.coef_
print 'intercept', regr.intercept_
}}
donne ici
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
slope [ 0.80723367]
intercept -0.623011727604
}}
}}

=== Décomposition d'un nombre en facteurs premiers ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
def facteurs(n):
    """facteurs(n): décomposition d'un nombre entier n en facteurs premiers"""
    F = []
    if n==1:
        return F
    # recherche de tous les facteurs 2 s'il y en a
    while n>=2:
        x,r = divmod(n,2)
        if r!=0:
            break
        F.append(2)
        n = x
    # recherche des facteurs 1er >2
    i=3
    rn = lsqrt(n)+1
    while i<=n:
        if i>rn:
            F.append(n)
            break
        x,r = divmod(n,i)
        if r==0:
            F.append(i)
            n=x
            rn = lsqrt(n)+1
        else:
            i += 2
    return F
 
# exemple d'utilisation:
print facteurs(100)  # affiche [2,2,5,5]
print facteurs(123456789)  # affiche [3,3,3607,3803]
print facteurs(12345678901234567890) # affiche [2,3,3,5,101,3541,3607,3803,27961L]
 
# et test avec un nombre premier
print facteurs(4291979)  # affiche [4291979]
}}
source: http://python.jpvweb.com/python/mesrecettespython/doku.php?id=decomposition_en_facteurs_premiers
}}
=== Histogram - densité de probabilité ===
==== Numpy ====
{{parW|1=
Utilisation la fonction d’histogramme de numpy  voir [https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.histogram.html]

Avec l’option {{mm|density = True}} :

Soit n Intervalles I(i) de longueur L(i) 
et Q(i) la quantité de valeurs incluse dans I(i)

Soit Qt = somme des Qi

Alors l’histogramme avec density=True est la suite des H(i) = Q(i)/L(i)/Qt

Et ainsi l’intégrale de de l’histogramme vaut 1 car c’est la somme de  des H(i)*L(i) =  somme de Q(i)/Qt = 1

Voici un petit code python pour illustrer : 

{{code|colNb=80|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import numpy as np
interval = np.linspace(-0.5,1.5,20)
print(interval)
intervalD = np.diff(interval)
print(intervalD)
vals = [ -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, -0.8, 2.8, 0.4 , 6.8, 1.3  ]
hist0 = np.histogram( vals, bins=interval )
hist = np.histogram(  vals, bins=interval , density=True)
print("quantity")
print(hist0[0].tolist())
print("density")
print(hist[0].tolist())
print("integral")
print( np.sum(hist[0]*intervalD)  )
}}
ce qui donne :
{{code|colNb=80|lang=text|code=
[-0.5        -0.39473684 -0.28947368 -0.18421053 -0.07894737  0.02631579
  0.13157895  0.23684211  0.34210526  0.44736842  0.55263158  0.65789474
  0.76315789  0.86842105  0.97368421  1.07894737  1.18421053  1.28947368
  1.39473684  1.5       ]
[0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316 0.10526316
0.10526316]
quantity
[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
density
[0.0, 0.0, 1.9, 0.0, 0.0, 1.9, 0.0, 0.0, 3.8, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.8999999999999981, 0.0]
integral
1.0
}}
}}

== Parallélisme  ==
=== multiprocessing ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#***********************************************************

import time
import math
import sys
from multiprocessing import Pool

def parallel_call(params):  # a helper for calling 'remote' instances
    cls = getattr(sys.modules[__name__], params[0])  # get our class type
    instance = cls.__new__(cls)  # create a new instance without invoking __init__
    instance.__dict__ = params[1]  # apply the passed state to the new instance
    method = getattr(instance, params[2])  # get the requested method
    args = params[3] if isinstance(params[3], (list, tuple)) else [params[3]]
    return method(*args)  # expand arguments, call our method and return the result

class A(object):
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
        self.z = None
        self.procNb = 6

    def calc(self, fc, num):
        self.z = 0
        self.num = num 
        for x in range(7000000) :
                y = math.cos(x*x)
                self.z = math.sqrt(abs(y)) + fc
        
        return (self.num, self.z, self)

    def run(self, fcNum):
        t = Pool(processes=self.procNb)
        rs = t.map(parallel_call, self.prepare_call("calc", (fcNum) ))
        t.close()
        return rs

    def prepare_call(self, name, args):  # creates a 'remote call' package for each argument
        for arg in args:
            yield [self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__, name, arg]

if __name__ == "__main__":  # important protection for cross-platform use
    data = [ 
            (0.1,1), 
            (0.2,2), 
            (0.5,3), 
            (0.6,4), 
            (0.71,5), 
            (2.45,6), 
            (2.5,7),
            (9.45,8),
            (11.05,9),
            (0.45,10)                         
            ]
    
    t0 = time.time()
    # parallel
    print("\nparallèle")
    aa = A(2)
    res =  aa.run( data  )
    for num, z, a in res :
        print("% 5d % 5.1f % 5d % 5d" % (num, z, a.num, id(a)))
                
    pt = time.time()-t0           
    print("\n t=% 5.1f" % (pt),"s" )
    t0 = time.time()
        
    # serial
    print("\nsérie")
    for fc, num in data :
        num, z, a = aa.calc(fc, num)
        print("% 5d % 5.1f % 5d % 5d" % (num, z, a.num, id(aa)))
        
    st = time.time()-t0   
    print("\n t=% 5.1f" % (st),"s" )
    print("\n gain=% 5.1f % 5.1f" % (st/pt, st/a.procNb),"" )
}}
}}
=== Timer (onsolète voir multiprocessing) ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|colNb=70|lang=python|code=
import threading
prLock = threading.RLock()
# ...
        # initialization
        self.timer = None
        self.executing = False
        self.wating = False
# ...
    ############################################################################
    def doSomeThing(self):
        global prLock
        prLock.acquire()
        if self.executing:

            # ... do someThing in parallel thread

        prLock.release()
        self.launchTimer()
    ############################################################################
    def launchTimer(self):
        global prLock
        if self.executing:
            self.timer = threading.Timer(10, self.doSomeThing)
            self.timer.start()
        else:
            prLock.acquire()
            self.wating = False
            prLock.release()
# ...
    # start the main process
    prLock.acquire()
    param.wating = True
    param.executing = True
    prLock.release()

    # ... do things in the main thread

    prLock.acquire()
    param.executing = False

    print "wait ..."
    prLock.release()

    waiting = True
    while waiting:
        prLock.acquire()
        waiting = param.wating
        prLock.release()
    # the end of all
}}
}}

== Aller plus loin avec le langage ==

=== Obtenir le nom ou les noms de la variable ===

{{Todo|texte=A tester et valider :}}
<source lang="python">
def find_names(obj):
    frame = sys._getframe()
    for frame in iter(lambda: frame.f_back, None):
        frame.f_locals
    result = []
    for referrer in gc.get_referrers(obj):
        if isinstance(referrer, dict):
            for k, v in referrer.iteritems():
                if v is obj:
                    result.append(k)
    return result
</source>

=== Obtenir le nom de la fonction ===

==== Nom de fichier,  n° de ligne, nom de fonction sur plusieurs niveaux ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
import sys
import inspect

def getFrameStr( fr  ):
    _, fileName = os.path.split( fr.f_code.co_filename )
    fname = fr.f_code.co_name
    line = fr.f_lineno
    return "%s(%d).%s" % (fileName,line,  fname)
 
def pfname():
    src1 = ""
    src2 = ""
    src3 = ""    
    nb = len(inspect.stack())
    print( nb )
    if nb > 2 :
        src1 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(3) )
    if nb > 1 :    
        src2 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(2) )
    if nb > 0 :    
        src3 = getFrameStr( sys._getframe(1) ) 
    print( "%s %s %s : " %(src1,src2,src3), end="" )

}}
}}
==== Fonction courante ====
<source lang="python">
def pfname( self ):
    print self.__class__.__name__,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name
</source>

<source lang="python">
def func_name():
    return sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
</source>

==== Fonction appelante ====
<source lang="python">
def pfname( self ):
    print self.__class__.__name__,sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
</source>

Voir aussi [[#error_in_function|error_in_function]]



==== Liens ====
*[http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66062/ www.activestate.com (Recipe 66062: Determining Current Function Name) ]

== utilisation des feuilles excel ==
{{parW|1=
* Lien vers les modules (source) :
*: http://www.python-excel.org/
}}{{parW|1=
Working with Excel Files in Python
This site contains pointers to the best information available about working with Excel files in the Python programming language.
}}{{parW|1=
The Packages
There are python packages available to work with Excel files that will run on any Python platform and that do not require either Windows or Excel to be used. They are fast, reliable and open source:

Download | Documentation | Bitbucket

* openpyxl
*: The recommended package for reading and writing Excel 2010 files (ie: .xlsx)
*: Download https://pypi.python.org/pypi/openpyxl
*: Documentation https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/default/
*: Bitbucket https://bitbucket.org/openpyxl/openpyxl 

* xlsxwriter
* An alternative package for writing data, formatting information and, in particular, charts in the Excel 2010 format (ie: .xlsx)
*: Download
*: Documentation
*: Bitbucket

* xlrd
*: This package is for reading data and formatting information from older Excel files (ie: .xls)
*:

* xlwt
*: This package is for writing data and formatting information to older Excel files (ie: .xls)
*: 

* xlutils
*: This package collects utilities that require both xlrd and xlwt, including the ability to copy and modify or filter existing excel files. 
*: NB: In general, these use cases are now covered by openpyxl!

}}

== clipboard - presse-papier ==
=== le module clipboard ===
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=python|code=
import clipboard

clipboard.copy("abc")  # now the clipboard content will be string "abc"

text = clipboard.paste()  # text will have the content of clipboard
}}
source  : https://pypi.python.org/pypi/clipboard/0.0.4
il faut aussi : https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyperclip
}}
=== Exemple d'application : copier le chemin du fond d'écran de gnome dans le clipboard  ===
{{parW|1=

{{code|lang=bash|code=
#!/bin/bash
the_bash_file=$0
the_bash_file_dir_name=$(realpath `dirname "$the_bash_file"`)
the_bash_file_base_name=`basename "$the_bash_file"`

imgpath=$(gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri)

python ${the_bash_file_dir_name}/toClipBoard.py "${imgpath}"
}}

{{code|lang=python|code=
#!/bin/python
import os
import sys
import clipboard
clipboard.copy(sys.argv[1][1:-1]) 
}}
}}

== Texte ==
=== Supprimer les accents ===
<source lang="python">
import unicodedata

def strip_accents(ss):
   s=ss
   return ''.join(c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFD', s) if unicodedata.category(c) != 'Mn')
</source>

=== rearrange_text ===
<source lang="python">
patWordSep=re.compile("\s+", re.DOTALL )
def rearrange_text( text, tab, rearrange_lf=0 ):
    lines = list()
    if rearrange_lf :
        txt = ''
        ww = text.split('\n')
        if len(ww) == 0 :
            txt = text
        else :
            for w in ww :
                txt += w.strip()+' '
        words = patWordSep.split( txt )
        if len(words) > 0 :
            txt = ""            
            line = ''
            for w in words :
                w=w.strip()
                if len(w) > 0 :
                    if len(line) + len(w) > 80 :
                        lines.append( line )
                        line = w + " "
                    else :
                        line=line+w+" "
            if len( line )>0 :
                lines.append( line )

    else :
        ww = text.split('\n')
        if len(ww) == 0 :
            lines.append( text )
        else :
            for w in ww :
                lines.append( w )

    txt = ''
    for line in lines :
        txt += tab+line+"\n"
    return txt
</source>

== [[XML avec xml.dom.minidom]] ==
== [[XML avec xml.sax.xmlreader]] ==

== Tkinter : la bibliothèque graphique ==
* [[Tkinter:Index]]

== {{id|install}}Installation ==
=== Installation de librairies  ===
==== Seulement pour un utilisateur ====
{{parW|1=
{{code|lang=bash|code=
python setup.py install --user
}}
}}
=== {{id|compile}}Installation avec compilation des modules écrits en C ===
==== Sous WINDOWS ====
{{parW|1=
Le mieux est d'installer Visual Studio avec l'option {{dq|Python tools ...}} en choisissant l'option {{dq|Installation personnalisée}}
}}
==== Sous Linux ====
{{parW|1=
* [[Compilation:Index#Exemple_:_compilation_aes_pour_python_2.5| Exemple : compilation aes pour python 2.5]]
* [[alo-aes]]
}}

== pylint ==
{{parW|1=
<source lang="python">
pylint --generate-rcfile  > ~/.pylintrc
</source>
}}
== Annotation des functions - typage des arguments  ==
{{parW|1=
Il est recommandé d'adopter les conventions suivantes pour améliorer la lisibilité du code :
{{code|lang=python|code=
def send_email(address,     # type: Union[str, List[str]]
               sender,      # type: str
               cc,          # type: Optional[List[str]]
               bcc,         # type: Optional[List[str]]
               subject='',
               body=None    # type: List[str]
               ):
    # type: (...) -> bool
    """Send an email message.  Return True if successful."""
    ...
}}
{{code|lang=python|code=
from typing import List

class Example:
    def method(self,
               lst,      # type: List[str]
               opt=0,    # type: int
               *args,    # type: str
               **kwargs  # type: bool
               ):
        # type: (...) -> int
        """Docstring comes after type comment."""
        ...
}}
* source 
*: http://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python2.html#multi-line-python-2-function-annotations
* pep-0484
*: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484
}}

== PyHelp ==
{{parW|1=
* [[PhHelp]]
}}

== Utilisation de python dans le monde du web (World Wide Web) ==
=== [[mod_python|Apache/Python Integration (mod_python)]] ===
=== [[mod_wsgi|Apache/Python Integration (mod_wsgi)]] ===
=== [[Twisted||Apache/Python Integration Twited]] ===
=== Liens ===
{{parW|1=
* [http://docs.python.org/howto/webservers.html?highlight=mysql HOWTO Use Python in the web]
* [http://wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming Web Programming in Python]
}}

== mp3play ==
{{parW|1=
* [[mp3play]]
}}

== debuguer Python ==
{{parW|1=
* pylint
* pychecker
* pyflakes
* flake8
*: http://www.scipy-lectures.org/advanced/debugging/index.html#debugging-segmentation-faults-using-gdb
}}

== Différences entre Python 2 et 3  ==
{{parW|1=
* The key differences between Python 2.7.x and Python 3.x with examples
*: http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_python_2_3_key_diff.html
}}
== Lines pour débuter ==
{{parW|1=
Par ordre de priorité décroissante :
* Pour débuter en Python pour le calcul scientifique :
*: Cours CEA, une introduction pour débutant (en principe) : http://iramis.cea.fr/Phocea/file.php?class=cours&file=/olivier.tache/Utilisation_scientifique_de_Python.pdf
* Complément (CEA) pour les graphiques (toujours pour débutants) :
*: https://calcul.math.cnrs.fr/attachments/spip/Documents/Ecoles/2010/cours_visu2d_python-v2.pdf
* Cours vidéo en anglais plus général :
*: https://open.cs.uwaterloo.ca/python-from-scratch/
* Cours très complet sur le langage Python :
*: https://inforef.be/swi/download/apprendre_python3_5.pdf
}}
== Voir aussi ==
{{parW|1=
* [[PyOpenGL]]
}}
== Liens ==
{{parW|1=
* ★★ Cours pour débuter en python scientifique
*: http://iramis.cea.fr/Phocea/file.php?class=cours&file=/olivier.tache/Utilisation_scientifique_de_Python.pdf
* ctypes
** Calling C++ Classes from Python, with ctypes…
**: http://www.auctoris.co.uk/2017/04/29/calling-c-classes-from-python-with-ctypes/
** Speeding up element-wise array multiplication in python
**: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19263879/speeding-up-element-wise-array-multiplication-in-python/19458585#19458585
** f2py import Fortran code in Python 
**: https://www.scivision.co/f2py-running-fortran-code-in-python-on-windows/
* wrapper C/C++ avec du Python
** Calling C++ Classes from Python, with ctypes…
**: http://www.auctoris.co.uk/2017/04/29/calling-c-classes-from-python-with-ctypes
**: https://github.com/Auctoris/ctypes_demo
** Extending and Embedding the Python 3 Interpreter
**: https://docs.python.org/3/extending/index.html
* 10+ Best Python IDES for Software Development (ide Environnement de développement)
*: http://hative.com/best-python-ides-for-software-development/
* ★★★ Python From Scratch
*: Cours sous forme de videos
*: https://open.cs.uwaterloo.ca/python-from-scratch/
* Projet Euler
*: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Euler
*: https://projecteuler.net/about
* Computer Science Circles (tutoriel)
*: This website teaches computer programming. This skill is very useful: with programming you can automate computer tasks, make art and music, interpret and analyze survey results, build tools for other people, create custom websites, write games, examine genetic data, connect people with each other, and the list goes on and on.
*: https://cscircles.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/
* Apprendre à programmer avec Python 3 - Gérard Swinnen
*: https://inforef.be/swi/download/apprendre_python3_5.pdf
* How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - thinkpython - Allen Downey, Jerey Elkner, Chris Meyers
*: http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkCSpy.pdf
* Domptage de serpent pour les enfants - Apprendre à programmer avec Python - Écrit par Jason R. Briggs et Traduit et adapté par Michel Weinachter
*: http://anper95.valdoise.fr/sites/anper/files/document/loisirs/swfk-fr_0.0.9.pdf
* Python for Non-Programmers
*: https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers
* Repl.it
*: Simple, reliable, and portable cloud coding interface. A community of teachers, students and engineers.
*: https://repl.it/languages/python
* ANACONDA
*: Anaconda is the leading open data science platform powered by Python
*: https://www.continuum.io/downloads
* The 10 Most Common Mistakes That Python Developers Make
*: https://www.toptal.com/python/top-10-mistakes-that-python-programmers-make
*  PEP 3107 -- Function Annotations
: http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/
* [http://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/ urrlib2 opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method) (Python recipe)]
* [[PyQt]]
* [http://www.python.org/doc/ python doc]
* [http://www.pythonware.com/library/pil/handbook/ PIL (doc)]
*  konrad hinsen
: http://khinsen.wordpress.com/
: http://onclojure.com/2009/03/05/a-monad-tutorial-for-clojure-programmers-part-1/
}}